Computer History
When was the first computer invented? Who invented it and in what year? Information on evolution of computers and the timeline of computer development. In 1937 Alan Turing's Turing machine pioneered the idea of machines that could complete well-defined tasks by being supplied with programs. In 1938, Konrad Zuse built the first binary digital relay computer. In 1943 the first general-purpose digital computer, ENIAC was made. In 1948 the Manchester Baby became the first stored program computer. In 1955 MIT built the first real-time processing machine. In 1956, IBM created the disk memory system. The next year brought the integrated circuit chip. In 1959 IBM introduced the first desktop machines, which led in 1965 to Digital Equipment Corporation's introduction of the first real microcomputer. The links included herein relate to computer history, timeline of computer technology and the human experience.
When was the First Computer Made?
The debate on the first computer ever made may vary according to the perception of what constitutes a computer. For some, it is the ENIAC made in 1943, while for some it is the Altair launched by MITS in 1974.
It is interesting to know that the term 'computer' was assigned to
people's job which consisted of performing calculations on a continuous
basis, like navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions
for astronomical needs. Human errors, boredom and comparatively slow
pace of working, led inventors to mechanize the entire process and
eventually come up with machines that had brains - computers! Need for
accurate and fast calculations led to the invention of tools like
Napier's bones for logarithms, the slide rule, calculating clock,
Pascal's Pascaline, and power-loom that used punched cards; which can be
considered as the forefathers of today's computers.
Talking about the history and evolution of computers, will be incomplete without the mention of Charles Babbage, who is considered the 'Father of Computers'. He was making a steam-driven calculating machine, the size of a room, way back in 1822, which he called the 'Difference Engine'. This project, though heavily funded by the British government, could never see the light of the day. Yet, in pursuit of a better machine for more complex calculations, he came up with the 'Analytical Engine' that had parts parallel to the memory card and the central processing unit that our systems have today. Hollerith desk was later invented in the U.S. For the need to record the census in 1880, which used a combination of the earlier calculating tools that were invented.
In the 1940s there were attempts to make machines that served the purpose of computing numbers and problems, like the Z1 Computer in 1936. Then Konrad Zuse also wanted to make something that would be like a computer, hence was created electromechanical "Z machines," the Z3, in 1941, which was the first working machine, which featured binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. Zuse also started the first computer start-up company, which was established in 1946.
The ABC or Atanasoff-Berry Computer in 1942, Harvard Mark I Computer in 1944 also contributed to the evolution of computers that we know them today. It was not before the ENIAC that the public got its first feel of computers.
ENIAC / Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
It was during World War II that the need for computing artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory arose, which gave birth to the giant electronic brain - ENIAC. When the design and construction for this machine was financed by the United States Army, and the contract was signed on June 5, 1943; work progressed secretly in the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering, under the name 'Project PX'. Three years of dedicated work by John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert and their team towards making this machine finally tasted success when it was announced to the public on February 14, 1946; which was formally accepted by the Army in July 1946. ENIAC was, however, shut down on November 9, 1946 for up-gradation and started again on July 29, 1947. It was operational until October 2, 1955. It was renamed as IEEE Milestone in 1987.
ENIAC was massive in its physical size if you compare it to modern PCs. It contained approximately 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints, which weighed about 30 short tons (27 t). It consumed around 150 kW of power. ENIAC was reliable, programmable, though not as easy and user-friendly as the modern-day computers.
First Ever Desktop Computer
The first desktop-sized computer system, designed specifically for personal use, was launched in 1974 by Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS). This first computer was called Altair, which started selling with an overwhelming response for little less than $400. Many entrepreneurial firms smelled the market demand for such computers and started producing and selling these machines. Tandy Corporation (RadioShack) was the first major electronics firm to manufacture and sell personal computers in 1977 that had features like a keyboard and a cathode-ray display terminal (CRT). In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak started working on the homemade microprocessor computer board, Apple I. In early 1977, both formed a company called Apple Computer, Inc. and introduced the world to the first personal computer - Apple II which was complete with keyboard and color graphics capability.
It was not without such tried and tested and even some failed attempts that the first ever computer took shape. Since the inception of the first ever computers, this industry has progressed leaps and bounds to make the smartest and technologically advanced computers that we use today.
Talking about the history and evolution of computers, will be incomplete without the mention of Charles Babbage, who is considered the 'Father of Computers'. He was making a steam-driven calculating machine, the size of a room, way back in 1822, which he called the 'Difference Engine'. This project, though heavily funded by the British government, could never see the light of the day. Yet, in pursuit of a better machine for more complex calculations, he came up with the 'Analytical Engine' that had parts parallel to the memory card and the central processing unit that our systems have today. Hollerith desk was later invented in the U.S. For the need to record the census in 1880, which used a combination of the earlier calculating tools that were invented.
In the 1940s there were attempts to make machines that served the purpose of computing numbers and problems, like the Z1 Computer in 1936. Then Konrad Zuse also wanted to make something that would be like a computer, hence was created electromechanical "Z machines," the Z3, in 1941, which was the first working machine, which featured binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. Zuse also started the first computer start-up company, which was established in 1946.
The ABC or Atanasoff-Berry Computer in 1942, Harvard Mark I Computer in 1944 also contributed to the evolution of computers that we know them today. It was not before the ENIAC that the public got its first feel of computers.
ENIAC / Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
It was during World War II that the need for computing artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory arose, which gave birth to the giant electronic brain - ENIAC. When the design and construction for this machine was financed by the United States Army, and the contract was signed on June 5, 1943; work progressed secretly in the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering, under the name 'Project PX'. Three years of dedicated work by John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert and their team towards making this machine finally tasted success when it was announced to the public on February 14, 1946; which was formally accepted by the Army in July 1946. ENIAC was, however, shut down on November 9, 1946 for up-gradation and started again on July 29, 1947. It was operational until October 2, 1955. It was renamed as IEEE Milestone in 1987.
ENIAC was massive in its physical size if you compare it to modern PCs. It contained approximately 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints, which weighed about 30 short tons (27 t). It consumed around 150 kW of power. ENIAC was reliable, programmable, though not as easy and user-friendly as the modern-day computers.
First Ever Desktop Computer
The first desktop-sized computer system, designed specifically for personal use, was launched in 1974 by Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS). This first computer was called Altair, which started selling with an overwhelming response for little less than $400. Many entrepreneurial firms smelled the market demand for such computers and started producing and selling these machines. Tandy Corporation (RadioShack) was the first major electronics firm to manufacture and sell personal computers in 1977 that had features like a keyboard and a cathode-ray display terminal (CRT). In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak started working on the homemade microprocessor computer board, Apple I. In early 1977, both formed a company called Apple Computer, Inc. and introduced the world to the first personal computer - Apple II which was complete with keyboard and color graphics capability.
It was not without such tried and tested and even some failed attempts that the first ever computer took shape. Since the inception of the first ever computers, this industry has progressed leaps and bounds to make the smartest and technologically advanced computers that we use today.
Who Invented the Computer?
Ever wondered who invented the machine that allows you to read these very words while listening to music, maintaining a social profile and shooting at a bunch of terrorists, all at the touch of a button? Read on to know more about the inventor of the computer.
Ever wondered who invented the machine that allows you to read these very words while listening to music, maintaining a social profile and shooting at a bunch of terrorists, all at the touch of a button? Read on to know more about the inventor of the computer.
The history of computers, in the literal sense as 'computing
machines', can be stretched back to abacuses, slide rules, and other
similar calculators of the ancient world. The first programmable
computer was created by Charles Babbage (December 26, 1791 - October 18
1871) in 1833.
Due to his invaluable invention, Babbage (shown in the adjoining image) is considered the Father of the computer.
This early computer was nothing like the ubiquitous digital giants of today. In fact, since neither electricity nor computer scripting languages had been invented, Babbage's design was mechanical; it had to be operated by various cranks and levers rather than simply pushing a button.
The image (below) shows Babbage's creation (click on the image for better viewing).
Charles Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a rich businessman. Thus, young Charles went to many prestigious schools and was home-tutored before he went to Holmwood Academy in Enfield. This is where his romance with mathematics began.
Later, he went to Peterhouse, Cambridge for further studies. At Peterhouse he studied analytical philosophy and continued studying mathematics. He never graduated with honors, and was conferred an honorary degree in mathematics without examination.
Apart from being a gifted mathematician, Babbage was also a philosopher and an avid amateur cryptographer. He was also reported to be heavily influenced by the Indian system of logic.
Babbage noticed that the calculations made by the human 'computers', especially regarding logarithms, were often incorrect. This gave him the idea of a machine capable of doing the calculations, intrinsically without the human margin of error. Ada Lovelace, who helped Babbage program his machine, is considered as the first computer programmer in the world.
Interestingly, the history of programming itself doesn't begin with Babbage's 'Analytical Engine'. The first programmable device in the world was actually a loom! Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard, the Jacquard Loom was the first ever programmable machine.
The programming in both, the Jacquard loom and Babbage's computer, was done through punched cards. Babbage also invented a mechanical forerunner of the printer as the output device for his machine.
The adjoining illustration shows a man punching cards to be used to program the loom (click on the image for better viewing).
The next leap forward in the history of computers came in the form of Konrad Zuse and John Atanasoff's contemporaneous but varied designs. Atanasoff built the first digital computer in the world using vacuum tubes -- the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, laying the groundwork for what would become one of the most useful and common devices in the world. However, Atanasoff's computer was not programmable. On the other hand, Konrad Zuse had built a programmable computer, known as the Z3, which was electromechanical, i.e, analog.
Despite the respective shortcomings of their designs, Atanasoff and Zuse are both considered among the most important names in computer technology and, due to the disparity between their designs, among the inventors of the computer itself. George Stibitz is also considered among the inventors of the digital computer.
The numerous input, output and peripheral devices attached to modern computers were not part of these early designs. They were invented by the following scientists:
✎ Monitor (Cathode Ray Tube): Allen DuMont (1931)
✎ Mouse: Douglas Engelbart (1963)
✎ QWERTY Keyboard: Christopher Sholes (1867 - on typewriters)
✎ Scanner: Giovanni Caselli / Edouard Belin (1858 / 1913)
Charles Babbage couldn't help tinkering with his designs, always striving for the betterment of his devices. But constrained by the technology of the time, the analytical engine never got to the level of sophistication Babbage desired. In 1991, a fully functioning model of his difference engine was constructed, showing the prognostic inventor's true brilliance. The model also promoted research into the possible applications of mechanical computing, which can be very helpful in situations where digital computers cannot tolerate the physical conditions. In 2011 British scientists initiated a project to build the analytical engine to the best of Babbage's original designs, intended to be completed by 2021. That would indeed be a fitting tribute to the man who set the world on the ongoing journey of unimaginable technological advancement.
By Vipul Lovekar
Last Updated: February 15, 2013
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Evolution Of Computers
When was the First Computer Made?
History and Timeline of Computers
History of Computer Processors
Who Made the First Computer?
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Evolution of Supercomputers
History of Microprocessor
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What did Bil gate invent? - Luba S T [August 13, 2012]
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Computer has become indispendable to the world. And today Charles Babbage was referred to as the father of computer because of his great contribution to its development. Thanks Charles. - Bamidele [August 27, 2011]
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The German Konrad Zuse is the inventor of the Computer. Eckert and Lauchly "invented" something two years later - name [January 13, 2011]
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they say ela intived the first computer bt at the same time they sayin that charles babbage also did it which one is the right one - shy babi [December 15, 2010]
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GOOD JOB CHARLES BABBAGE MAY GOD BLESS YOU WHEREEVER YOU ARE - SWATI UPADHYAY [December 9, 2010]
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John W. Mauchly stole the computer ideas from John Atanasoff as proven in the 1970s patent lawsuit which Mauchly lost to Atanasoff. Please correct your report. - bill [December 1, 2010]
Pls say me the exact year of the invention of the computer? pls... - anitha [November 28, 2010]
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we learn everything of hardware - chandra [November 3, 2010]
A federal judge ruled that the Atanasoff-Berry computer was the first to have constructed a electronic digital computer at the Iowa State College in the years 1939-1942. He also invalidated the ENIAC patent serial# 3 120 606, summation of the court in Minneapolis,1973. Therefore ENIAC was not the first electronic digital computer. - dx669 [November 2, 2010]
THE PROCESS
The American engineers John Mauchly & John Eckert
A significant event had occurred in 1941, when Atanasoff received a colleague, John W. Mauchly, into his home as a guest. Mauchly had expressed great interest in the work Atanasoff was doing relating to computer technology and had enthusiastically accepted Atanasoff's invitation. It is important to ask exactly what transpired during this visit between Atanasoff and Mauchly, since the events that resulted from the time they spent together are now etched in history. The facts were examined in detail at a judicial hearing 26 years later, when the courts had to decide whether John W. Mauchly and John P. Eckert had unlawfully made use of Atanasoff's invention when they developed the ENIAC computer between 1942 and 1946. Before this time, the ENIAC had been recognized as the first electronic computer, but the facts of the case would prove otherwise. The following facts were established during the court hearings:
J. Mauchly had stayed as a guest at Atanasoff's home in Ames from June 13 to June 18, 1941.
During that stay, Mauchly spent many hours discussing the Atanasoff-Berry computer and computer theory with John Atanasoff and Cliff Berry.
For three or four days, Mauchly accompanied Atanasoff to his office in the physics building at Iowa State University and observed the Atanasoff-Berry computer in the presence of both Atanasoff and Berry.
Mauchly had also watched demonstrations of the operations of the computer, or at least viewed some phases of the Atanasoff-Berry computer functioning. Mauchly may also have been engaged in the manipulation of some parts of the computer in the company of Clifford Berry.
Mauchly was allowed to read 35 pages of a manuscript describing the design and operation of the Atanasoff-Berry computer. Atanasoff and Berry had benevolently answered all of Mauchly's questions and had conducted many detailed discussions with him related to the computer and the manuscript. Atanasoff had, however, rejected Mauchly's request to take a copy of the manuscript with him to Pennsylvania.
Immediately after meeting with Atanasoff in June, Mauchly had written letters to both Atanasoff and to another friend, Helms Clayton, expressing his enthusiasm for the Atanasoff-Berry computer. Mauchly subsequently attended a crash course in electronics at Pennsylvania University.
On August 15, 1941, Mauchly wrote a comprehensive summary of the differences between analog and digital computing devices. The summary included ideas that were almost identical to those found in Atanasoff's manuscript relating to the Atanasoff-Berry computer.
On September 30, 1941, Mauchly wrote to Atanasoff, proposing that the two of them develop a computer jointly. Mauchly also asked whether Atanasoff would mind if he used some of Atanasoff's ideas in a computer that he himself was intending to build.
On October 19, 1973, Judge Earl R. Larson made public his ruling on the ENIAC case. According to the US statutory judicial procedure, Justice Larson issued a court ruling on the merits of the evidence, a summation, and a court verdict, which resulted in a total of 420 pages of material. The court verdict said: "With this Verdict the Court has ruled that the Patent of ENIAC - US Patent, Serial No. 3 120 606, issued to the Illinois Scientific Developments Incorporated, is hereby declared null and void." Thus, the US Patent of what had been considered the first digital computer in history was declared null and void. The significance of the judge's ruling, which was based on a chronological examination of the events, provided irrefutable proof of the great achievement made by Atanasoff and Berry in developing an electronic digital computer before December 1940. Judge Larson noted that the advanced stage of the Atanasoff-Berry computer was established beyond reasonable doubt, and that it was not just an opinion on behalf of Atanasoff or the Administration officials of the State of Iowa, but the learned opinion of independent experts. These experts had made their own observations and tests of the Atanasoff - Berry Computer in addition to reviewing the research and development plans that Atanasoff had produced in the period between 1939 and 1942.
The Federal Judge ruled that Mauchly derived the basic ideas for an electronic digital computer from the Atanasoff-Berry computer. He also ruled that John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry were the first to have constructed an electronic digital computer at the Iowa State College in the years between 1939 and 1942. In addition, the judge ruled that John Mauchly and John Eckert, who had for over 25 years been the recipients of recognition and admiration as co-inventors of the first electronic digital computer, had, in fact, lost all rights to the patent upon which all of the praise had been based. "Eckert and Mauchly had not invented the first automated electronic digital computer, but had derived the basic ideas for it by John Atanasoff." (Excerpt of the Summation of the Court in Minneapolis, 1973).
ATANASOFF RECOGNIZED AS THE FATHER OF THE COMPUTER! - truth [November 1, 2010]
There is a US patent court case that proves that the idea for the ENIAC is stolen from John Vinsent Atanassoff and the final judgement is that John Atanassoff is the inventor of the first computer... Please provide appropriate information in order to be trusted by those who are really informed of what happened - IVAN [November 1, 2010]
this helped - blue [October 26, 2010]
they should put how have he have changed as years past by - edgar [October 18, 2010]
hey what is the mean thing in all this - shoebe [October 18, 2010]
i think that was the best invention ever - chenelleribeio [October 16, 2010]
i think that was the best invention thank you. - c henelle [October 16, 2010]
ok - dave [October 1, 2010]
well who ever invented thecomputer please help me im doin a project on it now or really a powerpoint - daji carter [September 28, 2010]
hie all the people who read my comment i think that Charles Babbage is very good inventor - DORAEMON UPADHY [September 24, 2010]
i invented the computer - jesus christ [September 23, 2010]
I think it's a good website - barack aboma [September 23, 2010]
I THINK ITS WONDERFULL - TIMMY [September 17, 2010]
that was realy helpful thanks - thanks [September 16, 2010]
VERY useful! - Riley Yoder [September 15, 2010]
this is so cool - paul [September 14, 2010]
yoyoyoy - jojo [September 12, 2010]
HIE TO ALL OF YOU - SSWATI UPADHYAY [September 11, 2010]
way dose it not tell how invented the computeer that is not cool people and that is wat i am looking for - victoria [September 7, 2010]
u need to write things clearer and more undertsanding you say charle sinvented it then someother dudes ? wth - yo mommma [September 2, 2010]
egga are good - bob [September 2, 2010]
amy you are a lucky girl and i wil put a $1.0000 on your wedding because john sound sweet - emogirl [September 1, 2010]
what school do you go to - emogirl [September 1, 2010]
amy dale you are the sames age - emogirl [September 1, 2010]
lol you rock amy dale - emogirl [September 1, 2010]
choose me - hit m e [September 1, 2010]
you rock :D - elephants [September 1, 2010]
hey miley i am your fan i watch your show hannah montana i reallllly like u. u are cool - amy dale [September 1, 2010]
very good work i am happy with your information on this website.i will always visit this site for my work. - vishwa [September 1, 2010]
john are you still here PLZ REPLY BACK - Amy Dale [August 31, 2010]
john are you still here - Amy Dale [August 31, 2010]
computer are the best - anok [August 30, 2010]
THANK YOU - TAHA [August 30, 2010]
hi wenn did carles die - yosiel [August 30, 2010]
wen did he die - yosiel [August 29, 2010]
ummm.. when did the first computer really become active? - Kelsie Fikes [August 27, 2010]
this is a useful website - shawnna [August 25, 2010]
this is a useful website - shawnna [August 25, 2010]
well done charles babbage - SWATI UPADHYAY [August 14, 2010]
why did he invented computer? - paul [August 12, 2010]
Thanks it helps for a school project - Tristan Pascoe [July 27, 2010]
im thick tath so very hard - hazelsoronio [July 24, 2010]
i think it is a very great thing whing which has come to the sistem we thank all those who have hand in it - ernest osei yaw [July 16, 2010]
good facts - udit [July 8, 2010]
good facts but not so good facts - swati [July 8, 2010]
Why did Charles Babbage invent the Computer - olivia [June 28, 2010]
So Interstinmg Facts - Bhavna Singh [June 28, 2010]
I Learn Many Things About Computer And Charles Babbage Really I Am Very Happy Believe It Or Not See The Serial Bidaai Its A Very Interesting Serial Of Two Sisters - Swati Upadhyay [June 27, 2010]
The Facts Were Really Intersting - Swati [June 15, 2010]
hello people - franky [June 8, 2010]
iNTERESTING but not alot of information. - hannah [June 8, 2010]
This was a good answer and helped me understand. - Suzy [May 23, 2010]
if it was not computers i would never found this out - leah [May 12, 2010]
This is some interesting information about Charles Babbage.. - Alana [May 12, 2010]
It is really cool to learn about who invented computer. - Nick Singh [May 8, 2010]
i guess - whoop as [May 3, 2010]
i love u jocelyn - Nelson Arroyo [May 1, 2010]
oH YEAH OH BABY OH OH OH OH HELL YEAH OH YEAH OH YEAH! - Miley cyrus [April 13, 2010]
U want 2 kno wat "Bob" we don't care about wat u say. K? - KK [April 12, 2010]
iM so BorEd oF bOrDem! HI STEFANIE! - Joubany Ramirez [April 6, 2010]
I think the computer is the basic,fundamental,accurate and modern means of calculation - kingsley [April 5, 2010]
no offense but its a message board not a dating show - Bob [March 31, 2010]
interesting - Tom [March 31, 2010]
sorry john... hoax over i'm only 12 and i won't ever see you again haha funny joke ^.^ well uhhh april fools? bye! - Amy Dale [March 26, 2010]
Oh, ya i'm glad ur out of the hospital - Mandy [March 26, 2010]
u are? Oh, i'm so happy ur amy dale's nephew? now that's weird - Mandy [March 26, 2010]
Im back! - John casablanc [March 26, 2010]
yeaa that was my group lol we um woke up late XD - Jet [March 26, 2010]
Evashank is so kind. I went with my nephew John Cassablanc on Tuesday to middle school and saw kids in their pjs! - Amy Dale [March 24, 2010]
i really think that info in the website r very useful. - devi [March 19, 2010]
S are you there? Answer Me! I need to know whats hapening to John! - Amy Dale [March 18, 2010]
S. That wasen't me. I actually care about what happened to him. He is my soul, my sweet hunnybunny - amy dale [March 18, 2010]
REALLY? CAUSE I CAN ONLY SAY THAT HE WAS REALLY DEPRESSED AND THATS HOW HE IS IN THE HOSPITAL. - S [March 18, 2010]
Yes i know, but i was drunk when i said it was over - Amy dale [March 18, 2010]
i cannot say, but he loves u so much and u know that - s [March 18, 2010]
What happened did he die? - Amy dale [March 18, 2010]
he is in the hospital - s [March 18, 2010]
What do you know about him? - Amy Dale [March 18, 2010]
Hya Mandy! How r u? Do u know somthing about John or where he is? Because when I said that it was over, I was drunk, you know? Have you ever been drunk before? Beer, and Wine make a really bad combination because then you get double drunk! - Amy Dale [March 18, 2010]
hello people (which includes you Girl) - Mandy [March 18, 2010]
Kayla or whoever ur name is why would u say ok u SHOULD say k - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
people PLZ! answer me! It's been hours! - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
Now, u Jason! stop saying that u did it with mr. evershank ( or whoever) because no one wants u - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
Now, I'm bord. Someone type! I hate talking to myself! - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
Of course, Of course you do. - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
Eric, get ur but of the chair and log off - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
yea if i said my sister got run over by a taco truck I'd say it like... OMG MY SIS GOT RUNNEDED OVA BY DA TACO TRUCK! I got a taco from it ^.^ wait ima vegetarian O.O... oh what the h3ll bottoms up lol like that - Jet [March 17, 2010]
oh ya JET shut up cus ur not my cous, because he's so much funnier! - Amy Dale [March 17, 2010]
whoa whoa whoa someone fakin meh who is it? - Jet [March 17, 2010]
Oh, ya Ricky, VIVA LA VIDA LOCA! like us! :D - Amy Dale [March 17, 2010]
MY SISTER GOT RUN OVER BY A TACO TRUCK - JET [March 17, 2010]
Hey! Mona Lisa! Miley Cyrus has a better chance with my couse Jet than u! go to hel1! because jet doesn't date dead old hags, LIKE U! - Amy Dale [March 17, 2010]
EVERY TIME I SEE HER IN THE ROOM NAKED. I SAY SEXY - Erick LETEHE [March 17, 2010]
uhhhh lisa again i don't date uhhh that word lol - Jet [March 17, 2010]
viva la vida loca!11 - riCky mArtIn [March 17, 2010]
Whoa! what just happened! No! John! don't leave me! I had a party on Monday (march 15th) and I was drunk, so when i typed in and saw what u wrote i just became i think really mad , but then again i was drunk, so don't leave me! PLZ! and Jet ya my party rocked! - Amy Dale [March 17, 2010]
JET EAT IT! OH YEAH! - MONA LISA [March 17, 2010]
WHOA AMY THAT WAS ONE FREAKIN PARTY AT YOUR HOUSE LOL WE WERE ALL DRUNK XD lol partied till like 1 p.m. lol like 24 hrs there - Jet [March 17, 2010]
STAY AWAY FROM MY MAN! IMMA BEAT THE POOP OUT OF U MILEY CYRUS - MONA LISA [March 15, 2010]
I LOVBE3 U JET - MILEY CYRUS [March 15, 2010]
NO! AMY PLZ! I NEED U! IM SO SORRY FOR NOT BEING THERE FOR MY HOMIES! LOL! JUST KIDDING! I CAN'T BELIEVE IM SAYING THIS BUT... I AGREE. I DON'T WANNA BE WITH U. I TRIED TO BE NICE AND STUFF... BUT U DON'T CARE. THERE ARE MORE WIMIN OUT DERE IN DA WORLD I WILL FIND. AND U WERE FIND MORE MEN. THINGS MUST BE TAKEN AS NATURAL COURSES. - John Cassablanc [March 15, 2010]
you want to know what John! It's so over! - Amy Dale [March 15, 2010]
d0 U lOve mE? - jOHn casSaBlanC [March 13, 2010]
AMY! I CAN'T BE HERE ALL THE TIME. AND IF U HAVE KIDS!?!?!?!? THEN WHO R U MARRIED TO. IT IS SO CUTE HOW U R PRETENDING TO BE KIDS AND ITS ADORABLE. BUT I JUST CANT BE HERE EVERYDAY! I HAVE TO GO TO WORK! I TRAVEL AROUND THE DAMN WORLD AND I WISH I COULD BE HERE EVERYDAY WITH U BECAuse i love u baby. ireallydo! - John Cassablanc [March 13, 2010]
Daddy! don't ditch us like amy got her father ditched! don't make us go through it again - Amy's 9 kids [March 12, 2010]
DADDY! POP GOES THE WEASEL - Jet [March 12, 2010]
Were the H3ll are u John, I type in and ur not there?! What will our children think when they see that their father ditches them and their mother! HUH! You better answer me! - Amy Dale [March 12, 2010]
oh to john... but still - Jet [March 11, 2010]
thank u so much amy. ily. ITS MY MOM! - john Cassabalnc [March 11, 2010]
YOU don't wanna suffer? WE ALL SUFFER FROM YOU! - Jet [March 11, 2010]
but that only applies to john - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
I hope ur alright, I don't want u to suffer. - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
oh, i'm so sorry!who was it? are u ok?! - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
oh sure amy your the one who messes up everyones life! your the bear and we're the campers! - Jet [March 11, 2010]
one of my family members just died - john cassablanc [March 11, 2010]
John my question is are U there? There for me right now? or are U going to ditch me. - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
ya, i'm just really hurt. right now. im crying and everything. Why do people want to make fun of me and lie about me. WHY DO THEY CHOOSE ME? - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
por que? - Jet [March 11, 2010]
Jet. u know that was was so stupid of u to say that. and stop typing in as me! - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
uh higgity higgity uh THAT'S ALL FOLKS (loony toons end) - Jet [March 11, 2010]
Kiddin its just me lol - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
It's over... - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
John the hoax over I'M 12 O.O - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
u want 2 know what Jet the weasel still didn't go POP - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
i'm kiddin and i'm worthless - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
Jet. stop it - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
Hi cupcake! awww u remembered. - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
hi bubblegum! - john cassablanc [March 11, 2010]
I LOVE GREG FROM EVERYBODY HATES CHRIS - GIGI [March 10, 2010]
i think it was a old dude named lalala - Mandy [March 10, 2010]
Hi there! How are you? I like tacos! bored bored bored bored you have aids? bored bored bored POP GOES THE WEASEL when finished wit message read again ^.^ - Jet [March 10, 2010]
WHO INVENTED THE TELETUBBIES? - MARK BALLAS [March 10, 2010]
I AM A SORE LOSER WITHOUT A LIFE. I HAD NO PEOPLE SLEEP OVER - LALA [March 10, 2010]
we kind of figured that out about a long time ago - Mandy [March 10, 2010]
I said thank u because to me its kind of awsome of how much u protect her from these losers - Mandy [March 10, 2010]
THATS RIGHT U GO AMY - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
Thank u John and u losers i have 13 knives at my house and a crowbare the knives are super sharp so u losers better hope i don't know where u live IDIOTS! - Mandy [March 10, 2010]
SHUT UP AMY - CHUCKY [March 10, 2010]
HI! I AM CHUCKY CHARLES. - CHUCKY [March 10, 2010]
give me an a give me a m give me a y! what dose that spell? amy! go amy go! go amy go! go amy go! - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
u go girl! - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
So, u want to know where the weasles goin to POP? i think it might be in the bahamas or figi, oh ya SANDY GET OFF! - Amy Dale [March 10, 2010]
ya where? I'm so anxious! - Sandy Dale [March 10, 2010]
awww i miss u 2 baby - Amy Dale [March 10, 2010]
I know, but sometimes i just want 2 talk with u because i work 2 and i'm off between 10:15 to 11:02 and im bored and ur so interesting to talk with so it stops my boredom. - Amy Dale [March 10, 2010]
Sweetie i wish i could talk 2 u everyday. it would be a granted wish. i miss u! - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
so is the wedding on? - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
AMY U R MY LOVE AND I CAN'T BE ONLINE ALL THE TIME. I GO TO WORK SO WE CAN HAVE ENOUGH FOR OUR WEDDING. I LOVE U HUNNYBUNCH MUNCHY COOKIE!=) - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
Amy, u know i love u with all of my heart. I went to my grandfathers funeral on sunday and i wasen't home. I was so depressed and if u left me, this would be another bad thing. i LOVE u so MucH wiTh all of my soul. Honey plZ don't leave me. PLZ! - John Cassablanc [March 9, 2010]
But u would never talk to me so it hurts a lot. - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
BABY I LOVE U PLZ DON'T LEAVE ME. I LOVE U AND U R NUMBER 1! BABY - John Cassablanc [March 9, 2010]
bye. I'm crying so hard right now i think my hearts going to explode with sadness. And its all ur falt! - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
I thought love was a wonderful feeling, but now it really hurts. Now i'm crying even harder. - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
John so now ur afraid of me? If you loved me u would talk to me instead of ditching me. Now you made me cry. - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
lol deal - Ricky Dale [March 9, 2010]
where the h311 you! i called you and then you ditch me like this! Thats not right! now it's time to talk. :( - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
LEAVE MY GIRL ALONE! YOU TOUCH HER THOSE WILL BE UR LAST HANDS. SHW IS MY LIFE AND I LOVE HER!1 - John Cassablanc [March 9, 2010]
wat the h3ll are you talkin about 5th grader it was 2 days ago! - Ricky Dale [March 9, 2010]
u know what Ricky go to 1134! Right now! - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
huh wat house? we have a house? last time i remembered you decided to live with your mother o.O great to live away from that witch - Ricky Dale [March 9, 2010]
well now i am o.O get the divorce papers ... - Ricky Dale [March 9, 2010]
I know ur here since u commented just now! So talk to me! - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
Hi John! What took u so long?! - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
AMY! MYLOVE - John Cassablanc [March 9, 2010]
John! JOHN! JOHN! Get in this conversation right now! For me! Please! I know ur watching this! P.s Jet im thinking about Figi and the Bahamas! - Amy Dale [March 8, 2010]
Since you're not listening to my advice. Amy, where's the honeymoon? - Amy Dale [March 8, 2010]
Awsome, new family members for Amy to torture! (get out of it Jhon while you still can) - Sandy [March 8, 2010]
o amy gonna mess him up =P - Jet [March 5, 2010]
omg... i'm sorry john i'm going to have to do something...for us to be together...please don't call the cops... i'll be back... - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
I have the rite 2 no im ur husband! - Ricky Dale [March 5, 2010]
nothing ricky... - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
WHOA WATS GOIN ON HERE? - Ricky Dale [March 5, 2010]
Well I trust you John ^.^ - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
Amy i eat food just like any other human dose. i love u so much and i wish we could meet. lisa is just jelous of u because u r more beautiful then any other chika - John Cassablanc [March 5, 2010]
sorry got to go - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
what sweetheart - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
awwww! thank u so much amy - John Cassablanc [March 5, 2010]
stop lying! John i love you so much! would i ever hurt you? - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
ok alright joubany - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
lol sure im not stephanie - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
at least we agree on 1 thing. ; ) - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
I know, he is the sweetest man ever! - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
well i said that because i thought that was really sweet. - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
ok so maybe not lisa - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
Why are u telling my man that you love him? - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
cause mandy... i no ur lisa chao and someone that knows us or somewher else lol in dif comp room - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
Thank you so much John you are my hero! - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
well i meant in this room i checked... spy XD - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
Why do you want to know who i am? - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
I LOVE U AMY. I WAS TELLING LISA SO SHE COULD STOP HURTING U - John Cassablanc [March 5, 2010]
Hey you John don't tell sone to shut up! that's just so mean! you need to get a life to! its all your falt that we're in this computer mess! - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
oh and lisa.. i can tell from your last name that your a sonic fan =P yea imma detective XD COME CLEAN O.O - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
OMG SHE'S SCARING ME... HOW DO U EVEN KNOW I'M JR? MY LIKE REAL NAME IS WELL NOT SAYIN BUT STILL O.O I DON'T EVEN THINK EVASHANK KNOWS AAAND... wait... lisa? i'm pretty sure you're in here too... - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
Hi peoples, I'm Back! - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
THE LAST THING I NEED IS A MONEY BUT ON MY DINNER. PLATE. LEAVE ME AND MY GIRL AMY DALE ALONE! - John Cassablanc [March 4, 2010]
U DON'T KNOW ANYTHING BOUT MY LIFE! - LISA CHAO [March 4, 2010]
I am not saying anything bout that. Im just saying scaring them is really mean! - John Cassablanc [March 4, 2010]
Listen John Cassablanc. My cousin has shown me pics of those kids. They r in his computer room. Names: Nelson, Will, Jason, Linda, Brenda, Stephanie, Jr., Jennifer, Selma, Gladys, and more kids. He talks to me about his students because cousins love to talk about kids! - Lisa Chao [March 4, 2010]
JK! ITS ME! Lisa Chao! I know who ur teacher is. He talks about u kids and im trying to scare u by pretending to be them. Im not ms. evashank nor Jr. I know evashank. He is my cousin! - Lisa Chao [March 4, 2010]
Hi i am the police. Will John Cassablan marry me? I am a woman cop who is searchin for a hot man - Lisa Choa [March 4, 2010]
Cool - Sandy [March 4, 2010]
YES! AMY DALE I LOVE U SO MUCH! I LOVE U HONEY! AND I DO NOT HAVE HEALTH INSURANCE. Y? - John Cassablan [March 4, 2010]
yes i would John Cassablanc you are the 4thl ove of my life p.s do you have health insurance? - Amy Dale [March 3, 2010]
Amy Dale? Will u marry me? - John Cassablanc [March 2, 2010]
i like the computer because it has games and alot of cool stuff - Margret Patty [March 2, 2010]
thanks for the answer,i and my friends are happy to pick up the truth
as for who invented the computer. - njeck joseph [February 24, 2010]
is the real massiah? - coach K [February 4, 2010]
here we come prep - da messiah [February 4, 2010]
we couldnt find outlets for our computers we ...brb fighting off a batch of gorillaz got cought stealing bannas o wawa - teddeessee [February 4, 2010]
well since e=mc2 i have to come to the conclisin that the 1st computer was by a hobbo in space named dave. in the many books i read all the people have sneakers with computer scrennz. and i like to go the AP english class and always call out even though im not spose 2 b in that class. i never kissed a girl but read many bookz - john baggage [February 4, 2010]
bac in the mother land there was no computers we use 2 have 2 jus go to this guy hu yelled out information. it was hard 2 listin 2 him with all the chettas in the bacround growlin - M. Megafu [February 4, 2010]
i dunked on miles at his own homecoming lol - guy frm McClany [February 4, 2010]
it is great - jacob dean [January 31, 2010]
is cool - jonah waadi [January 24, 2010]
which types of computer did he invented - jonah waadi [January 24, 2010]
well who really invented the first computer so NOT MY BEST CHOCE
well ok bye for now
Due to his invaluable invention, Babbage (shown in the adjoining image) is considered the Father of the computer.
This early computer was nothing like the ubiquitous digital giants of today. In fact, since neither electricity nor computer scripting languages had been invented, Babbage's design was mechanical; it had to be operated by various cranks and levers rather than simply pushing a button.
The image (below) shows Babbage's creation (click on the image for better viewing).
Charles Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a rich businessman. Thus, young Charles went to many prestigious schools and was home-tutored before he went to Holmwood Academy in Enfield. This is where his romance with mathematics began.
Later, he went to Peterhouse, Cambridge for further studies. At Peterhouse he studied analytical philosophy and continued studying mathematics. He never graduated with honors, and was conferred an honorary degree in mathematics without examination.
Apart from being a gifted mathematician, Babbage was also a philosopher and an avid amateur cryptographer. He was also reported to be heavily influenced by the Indian system of logic.
Babbage noticed that the calculations made by the human 'computers', especially regarding logarithms, were often incorrect. This gave him the idea of a machine capable of doing the calculations, intrinsically without the human margin of error. Ada Lovelace, who helped Babbage program his machine, is considered as the first computer programmer in the world.
Interestingly, the history of programming itself doesn't begin with Babbage's 'Analytical Engine'. The first programmable device in the world was actually a loom! Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard, the Jacquard Loom was the first ever programmable machine.
The programming in both, the Jacquard loom and Babbage's computer, was done through punched cards. Babbage also invented a mechanical forerunner of the printer as the output device for his machine.
The adjoining illustration shows a man punching cards to be used to program the loom (click on the image for better viewing).
The next leap forward in the history of computers came in the form of Konrad Zuse and John Atanasoff's contemporaneous but varied designs. Atanasoff built the first digital computer in the world using vacuum tubes -- the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, laying the groundwork for what would become one of the most useful and common devices in the world. However, Atanasoff's computer was not programmable. On the other hand, Konrad Zuse had built a programmable computer, known as the Z3, which was electromechanical, i.e, analog.
Despite the respective shortcomings of their designs, Atanasoff and Zuse are both considered among the most important names in computer technology and, due to the disparity between their designs, among the inventors of the computer itself. George Stibitz is also considered among the inventors of the digital computer.
The numerous input, output and peripheral devices attached to modern computers were not part of these early designs. They were invented by the following scientists:
✎ Monitor (Cathode Ray Tube): Allen DuMont (1931)
✎ Mouse: Douglas Engelbart (1963)
✎ QWERTY Keyboard: Christopher Sholes (1867 - on typewriters)
✎ Scanner: Giovanni Caselli / Edouard Belin (1858 / 1913)
Charles Babbage couldn't help tinkering with his designs, always striving for the betterment of his devices. But constrained by the technology of the time, the analytical engine never got to the level of sophistication Babbage desired. In 1991, a fully functioning model of his difference engine was constructed, showing the prognostic inventor's true brilliance. The model also promoted research into the possible applications of mechanical computing, which can be very helpful in situations where digital computers cannot tolerate the physical conditions. In 2011 British scientists initiated a project to build the analytical engine to the best of Babbage's original designs, intended to be completed by 2021. That would indeed be a fitting tribute to the man who set the world on the ongoing journey of unimaginable technological advancement.
By Vipul Lovekar
Last Updated: February 15, 2013
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Comments
BEST INVENTION IN THE WORD. - AKASH [July 12, 2014]
Sweet - Lalalasa [June 29, 2014]
Lov it - Lola [June 29, 2014]
i got a detail information from this luv it! - ria [June 13, 2014]
i luv it - Joy Alicaway [June 7, 2014]
This gives alot of information luv it! - kittykat [February 19, 2014]
there is no life without a computer - LOVECOMPUTERS [January 16, 2014]
Very helpful - jjjohn03 [November 21, 2013]
lucky to have this , so great in having a easy to find - click info's :) - eilanyer [November 15, 2013]
good information - jessica [November 14, 2013]
this man has really done a very good job for the world - ivyblue [November 11, 2013]
how do you get on the computer - Taj [May 10, 2013]
That was very interesting and Charles Babbage who invented the computer was really an intelligent person. At first I did not know who invented the most important thing in our lives but now I knew. - Thorgil [March 4, 2013]
it was amazing for me. for irani girl - ElmirA [February 7, 2013]
nice to meet u all - tri arya marga [January 27, 2013]
pls, can dis be explian in an easy and short way. - Onyeka [December 17, 2012]
Then who now invented the 4th generation and wat was the size and accuracy of both the 3rd ,4th, 5th - Akpan victor [November 21, 2012]
Why was the person that introduce the 3rd generation of computer - Akpan victor [November 21, 2012]
wew - jessrael ulo [November 14, 2012]
good - james [November 7, 2012]
hey thanks for the info :D it help me - Lola [October 22, 2012]
I also try to make an computer taht tell over future - asid qureshi [October 4, 2012]
What did Bil gate invent? - Luba S T [August 13, 2012]
I Love Computer Inventor[s] greatly, But I Praise the "SOVEREIGN LORD" Who made them to
Invent Computers to made the Computer lovers to survive their lives through Computer knowledge and manufacturing(Hardware) to the entire world. Once again and again I am
Praising the " Lord Almighty " for make the persons to invent the computers for multipurpose
use to give / earn our lively bread, butter, honey cloth, shelter and entertainment etc." - P CHITTIBABU [July 27, 2012]
Not only my-self, or my Sons or my relations' Children or my friends' children are not
enjoying, the whole world(Gents, Ladies & Children)are enjoying a lot since then in using this Computer name(whatever it may be), I am frankly saying that my two sons are now surviving with "Computer Science Engineering" Course as Software engineers in some places as an example. I am "Saluting the Computer Inventor(s) by name, I am grateful them forever and ever" - PERUMALLA CHIT [July 27, 2012]
i want to say that so amaizing ilove computer! - Maida E [July 14, 2012]
I thought it was bill gate invented the computer - Joe [May 22, 2012]
Computer is my best subject - zinatu [March 28, 2012]
he is a great man. applaud for the hero. - Afolabi I [February 25, 2012]
i wanted to know who invented the pc computer , the laptop, and the old computer by the size of a room. - Snoopie [February 17, 2012]
thx idk is this ... well idk if ur on here dont be asking for a bf or gf thats just wrong asking about that that on an edgicatinal site thats just rong :S :P wow i cant belive ppl do that - not saying [February 8, 2012]
wow - kogs [January 11, 2012]
Its nice - Swapnil sardar [January 3, 2012]
that's is the great information about computer.
i - Furqan ul haq [December 23, 2011]
You are amazzzzzzzzimg...
our life is very easy with computer...
thankz to invent computers...
salute to you...
:-x - vihol mitva [December 18, 2011]
were did the invention of the computer take place? - haleydani [November 30, 2011]
love it dmi kong nalaman d2... - jeng linggayo [November 29, 2011]
nice reference.. some ideas from here are included to our research.and we got correct answers. - nickie [November 25, 2011]
ah..i cant imagine how to invent computer..all of them are very inteligent..im very proud i cant make it if i was their. - trina fay [November 21, 2011]
kir - don't trip [November 10, 2011]
these r great men and women. - djeff baki [October 19, 2011]
You are amazzzzzzzzimg - swatiiiiiii [September 24, 2011]
that nice thing he did to inven the computer - alexis [September 21, 2011]
it nice - christy [September 14, 2011]
a great source of knowledge..thankyou - aditya [September 13, 2011]
very interesting But why give him the credet for it when he wasn't the first to build it thats the part i don't understand ! WHY ! - Kelly .H. [September 7, 2011]
interesting , informative ...thanks - kent repare [September 2, 2011]
good collection of al the inventions!very very useful!:))))) - akash [August 28, 2011]
Computer has become indispendable to the world. And today Charles Babbage was referred to as the father of computer because of his great contribution to its development. Thanks Charles. - Bamidele [August 27, 2011]
I want the only brief information about evoluition of computers - divyank [August 22, 2011]
very nice - joshua [July 4, 2011]
hi!can you share this files in this own internet?! - jaena [July 1, 2011]
Dragons Are Like Cheese You Throw Rocks At Them, My Name Is Greg - Greg [June 27, 2011]
it is very important to me - catherine [June 21, 2011]
THANKS FOR THE INFORMATION - lebang seolo [June 20, 2011]
thanks - lebang seolo [June 20, 2011]
this is nice... - lol [June 9, 2011]
thanks alot for the question well answered - isaac adungo [May 26, 2011]
thanks alot for the quetio well answered - isaac [May 26, 2011]
answer the question i want - dina [May 19, 2011]
i LOVE MAI BOYEE WITH ALL OV MAI HEART... - MARYLAND BITI [May 18, 2011]
i lve computer so much - dre [May 18, 2011]
i dont understand this plz someone explain - geneen [May 17, 2011]
what happend to charles babbage did he die of old age or some one shote him or muberd i wonder i wonder if he would stell be alive todoy because he was born in ? and died in? i wonder what website to go on i wonder if someone shot him ? i dont know"? - hannah bird jus [May 2, 2011]
i want to know why he inveted it and a picher - hannah rome [May 2, 2011]
who invented the copyer - clara [April 28, 2011]
son tooodos boludooos y nada nosee no entienod ingkes ys so pete - clara [April 28, 2011]
more info - clarisse [April 25, 2011]
where does the idea in computer of charles babbage came from? - KEN i.T [April 23, 2011]
Pl's tell me the exacte year the computer was invented. - Prince thomas [April 17, 2011]
It's nice getting the needed information here. Thanks. - Prince thomas [April 17, 2011]
who invented the cellphone? - Abbas [April 17, 2011]
what about bill gate? - almond city [April 11, 2011]
THE fact was long but it gave me information about the man and if you migth have fun pictures about him that is all. - Ayomide [April 7, 2011]
VERY NICE INFORMATION - KRITIKA & YASH [April 5, 2011]
I think that Charles Babbage invented a great technology thiing because the computer is the most popular technology in the word... - Lariselli [March 24, 2011]
I think that was very very useful indeed. - Malak [March 16, 2011]
good and in this generation it is almostly using thank to charles babbage.
thank you sir - TULASI [March 15, 2011]
is this correct? - rhea laine [March 10, 2011]
it is kadud zune? - kwangho [March 9, 2011]
its so cool and i have to thank this man because if he didn't invented computers we wouldn't be txting rite now. - jada guyah [March 9, 2011]
i think that charles babbage created computers because in the days back then
they never have anything to use and others etc - jada guyah [March 9, 2011]
imba galing nya men - imba13 [March 4, 2011]
many people invented computer - angeloken [March 2, 2011]
D.N.C All the way - butterfly [February 24, 2011]
I WPILD LKE TO TTHANK YOU WITH THIS INFORMATION AS IT AHS HELP ME TERMENDLESSLY WITH MY TECHNOLOGY PROJECT I APPRACIATE YOU TIME AND EFFORT IN DOING THIS BLOG TO HELP PEOPLE YOU ROCK LOVE YOU LOTS LIKE JELLY TOTZ MCWAHZIES(KISSES) - BUTTERFLY [February 24, 2011]
how much was the first computer that you invented - Elias Hofer [February 23, 2011]
i am soo grateful that these group of genius have invented this type of technology! - andrea [February 23, 2011]
it is good to have a computer now on this days, i can't imagine them without it. - jhg [February 22, 2011]
very good - shenoda [February 20, 2011]
i love it - candy [February 17, 2011]
What was the size of Charels Babbage - MOjd [February 16, 2011]
so funny - kola [February 16, 2011]
it was interesting how much i didnt know . now i'm giving speeches and showing off what i know due to your website. - kevin R [February 15, 2011]
I LOVE COMPUTERS INTERNETS? - NANA [February 15, 2011]
computers are somthing I use every day but... however I could not use it with out
the following: mouse,keyboard,computer compiler,computer monitor,and computer printer. With out these a computer would be worthless. - cierra [February 14, 2011]
D person dat intro powerpark to computer s Ajibola. Ephraim - Ephraim A [February 8, 2011]
ek no. - chandu.Indore. [February 5, 2011]
verry intresting - johnbon [February 1, 2011]
Great details - Gabriela [January 31, 2011]
haha - q [January 25, 2011]
its amazing - abagail [January 20, 2011]
did computer make a mistake? - stanley [January 20, 2011]
I would like it in malay - woo1386 [January 19, 2011]
cool i just need a little more info - caroline [January 17, 2011]
cool story simple and eazy - caroline [January 15, 2011]
this is a good article - kenny [January 13, 2011]
The German Konrad Zuse is the inventor of the Computer. Eckert and Lauchly "invented" something two years later - name [January 13, 2011]
amazing - bargaw [January 5, 2011]
THESE FACTS WERE REALLY INTERESTED AND HELP IN MY COMPUTER PROJECT - mandy [December 30, 2010]
hey dont believe charles babbage oterwise you will be do not gain success - mandy [December 30, 2010]
they say ela intived the first computer bt at the same time they sayin that charles babbage also did it which one is the right one - shy babi [December 15, 2010]
hi kip - duh [December 15, 2010]
i like learn about computer - sara [December 14, 2010]
sorry ammy i was joking dont sad i loe u - ambrin [December 13, 2010]
nice - ambrin [December 13, 2010]
i want teach computer - ambrin [December 13, 2010]
good - jalen [December 9, 2010]
GOOD JOB CHARLES BABBAGE MAY GOD BLESS YOU WHEREEVER YOU ARE - SWATI UPADHYAY [December 9, 2010]
nice article,, thanks for the information! - CARLO ICALLA [December 7, 2010]
it's very useful to me,,,thanks a lot! - arjay dagus [December 7, 2010]
useful information :) - thomas [December 7, 2010]
John W. Mauchly stole the computer ideas from John Atanasoff as proven in the 1970s patent lawsuit which Mauchly lost to Atanasoff. Please correct your report. - bill [December 1, 2010]
Pls say me the exact year of the invention of the computer? pls... - anitha [November 28, 2010]
i like you all because you all gave very good comments - SWATI UPADHYAY [November 20, 2010]
BRILLIANT NOW I CAN DO MY HOMEWORK THANKS! - littlehammy [November 18, 2010]
an amazing feat of integerty and a human ROUTER of instinct - shannon [November 16, 2010]
awesome man you rock!if it wasn't 4 you we wouldn't have the internet!lol ttyl btw's peace out! - joselyn [November 16, 2010]
wag1 - josh [November 3, 2010]
we learn everything of hardware - chandra [November 3, 2010]
A federal judge ruled that the Atanasoff-Berry computer was the first to have constructed a electronic digital computer at the Iowa State College in the years 1939-1942. He also invalidated the ENIAC patent serial# 3 120 606, summation of the court in Minneapolis,1973. Therefore ENIAC was not the first electronic digital computer. - dx669 [November 2, 2010]
THE PROCESS
The American engineers John Mauchly & John Eckert
A significant event had occurred in 1941, when Atanasoff received a colleague, John W. Mauchly, into his home as a guest. Mauchly had expressed great interest in the work Atanasoff was doing relating to computer technology and had enthusiastically accepted Atanasoff's invitation. It is important to ask exactly what transpired during this visit between Atanasoff and Mauchly, since the events that resulted from the time they spent together are now etched in history. The facts were examined in detail at a judicial hearing 26 years later, when the courts had to decide whether John W. Mauchly and John P. Eckert had unlawfully made use of Atanasoff's invention when they developed the ENIAC computer between 1942 and 1946. Before this time, the ENIAC had been recognized as the first electronic computer, but the facts of the case would prove otherwise. The following facts were established during the court hearings:
J. Mauchly had stayed as a guest at Atanasoff's home in Ames from June 13 to June 18, 1941.
During that stay, Mauchly spent many hours discussing the Atanasoff-Berry computer and computer theory with John Atanasoff and Cliff Berry.
For three or four days, Mauchly accompanied Atanasoff to his office in the physics building at Iowa State University and observed the Atanasoff-Berry computer in the presence of both Atanasoff and Berry.
Mauchly had also watched demonstrations of the operations of the computer, or at least viewed some phases of the Atanasoff-Berry computer functioning. Mauchly may also have been engaged in the manipulation of some parts of the computer in the company of Clifford Berry.
Mauchly was allowed to read 35 pages of a manuscript describing the design and operation of the Atanasoff-Berry computer. Atanasoff and Berry had benevolently answered all of Mauchly's questions and had conducted many detailed discussions with him related to the computer and the manuscript. Atanasoff had, however, rejected Mauchly's request to take a copy of the manuscript with him to Pennsylvania.
Immediately after meeting with Atanasoff in June, Mauchly had written letters to both Atanasoff and to another friend, Helms Clayton, expressing his enthusiasm for the Atanasoff-Berry computer. Mauchly subsequently attended a crash course in electronics at Pennsylvania University.
On August 15, 1941, Mauchly wrote a comprehensive summary of the differences between analog and digital computing devices. The summary included ideas that were almost identical to those found in Atanasoff's manuscript relating to the Atanasoff-Berry computer.
On September 30, 1941, Mauchly wrote to Atanasoff, proposing that the two of them develop a computer jointly. Mauchly also asked whether Atanasoff would mind if he used some of Atanasoff's ideas in a computer that he himself was intending to build.
On October 19, 1973, Judge Earl R. Larson made public his ruling on the ENIAC case. According to the US statutory judicial procedure, Justice Larson issued a court ruling on the merits of the evidence, a summation, and a court verdict, which resulted in a total of 420 pages of material. The court verdict said: "With this Verdict the Court has ruled that the Patent of ENIAC - US Patent, Serial No. 3 120 606, issued to the Illinois Scientific Developments Incorporated, is hereby declared null and void." Thus, the US Patent of what had been considered the first digital computer in history was declared null and void. The significance of the judge's ruling, which was based on a chronological examination of the events, provided irrefutable proof of the great achievement made by Atanasoff and Berry in developing an electronic digital computer before December 1940. Judge Larson noted that the advanced stage of the Atanasoff-Berry computer was established beyond reasonable doubt, and that it was not just an opinion on behalf of Atanasoff or the Administration officials of the State of Iowa, but the learned opinion of independent experts. These experts had made their own observations and tests of the Atanasoff - Berry Computer in addition to reviewing the research and development plans that Atanasoff had produced in the period between 1939 and 1942.
The Federal Judge ruled that Mauchly derived the basic ideas for an electronic digital computer from the Atanasoff-Berry computer. He also ruled that John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry were the first to have constructed an electronic digital computer at the Iowa State College in the years between 1939 and 1942. In addition, the judge ruled that John Mauchly and John Eckert, who had for over 25 years been the recipients of recognition and admiration as co-inventors of the first electronic digital computer, had, in fact, lost all rights to the patent upon which all of the praise had been based. "Eckert and Mauchly had not invented the first automated electronic digital computer, but had derived the basic ideas for it by John Atanasoff." (Excerpt of the Summation of the Court in Minneapolis, 1973).
ATANASOFF RECOGNIZED AS THE FATHER OF THE COMPUTER! - truth [November 1, 2010]
There is a US patent court case that proves that the idea for the ENIAC is stolen from John Vinsent Atanassoff and the final judgement is that John Atanassoff is the inventor of the first computer... Please provide appropriate information in order to be trusted by those who are really informed of what happened - IVAN [November 1, 2010]
this helped - blue [October 26, 2010]
they should put how have he have changed as years past by - edgar [October 18, 2010]
hey what is the mean thing in all this - shoebe [October 18, 2010]
i think that was the best invention ever - chenelleribeio [October 16, 2010]
i think that was the best invention thank you. - c henelle [October 16, 2010]
ok - dave [October 1, 2010]
well who ever invented thecomputer please help me im doin a project on it now or really a powerpoint - daji carter [September 28, 2010]
hie all the people who read my comment i think that Charles Babbage is very good inventor - DORAEMON UPADHY [September 24, 2010]
i invented the computer - jesus christ [September 23, 2010]
I think it's a good website - barack aboma [September 23, 2010]
I THINK ITS WONDERFULL - TIMMY [September 17, 2010]
that was realy helpful thanks - thanks [September 16, 2010]
VERY useful! - Riley Yoder [September 15, 2010]
this is so cool - paul [September 14, 2010]
yoyoyoy - jojo [September 12, 2010]
HIE TO ALL OF YOU - SSWATI UPADHYAY [September 11, 2010]
way dose it not tell how invented the computeer that is not cool people and that is wat i am looking for - victoria [September 7, 2010]
u need to write things clearer and more undertsanding you say charle sinvented it then someother dudes ? wth - yo mommma [September 2, 2010]
egga are good - bob [September 2, 2010]
amy you are a lucky girl and i wil put a $1.0000 on your wedding because john sound sweet - emogirl [September 1, 2010]
what school do you go to - emogirl [September 1, 2010]
amy dale you are the sames age - emogirl [September 1, 2010]
lol you rock amy dale - emogirl [September 1, 2010]
choose me - hit m e [September 1, 2010]
you rock :D - elephants [September 1, 2010]
hey miley i am your fan i watch your show hannah montana i reallllly like u. u are cool - amy dale [September 1, 2010]
very good work i am happy with your information on this website.i will always visit this site for my work. - vishwa [September 1, 2010]
john are you still here PLZ REPLY BACK - Amy Dale [August 31, 2010]
john are you still here - Amy Dale [August 31, 2010]
computer are the best - anok [August 30, 2010]
THANK YOU - TAHA [August 30, 2010]
hi wenn did carles die - yosiel [August 30, 2010]
wen did he die - yosiel [August 29, 2010]
ummm.. when did the first computer really become active? - Kelsie Fikes [August 27, 2010]
this is a useful website - shawnna [August 25, 2010]
this is a useful website - shawnna [August 25, 2010]
well done charles babbage - SWATI UPADHYAY [August 14, 2010]
why did he invented computer? - paul [August 12, 2010]
Thanks it helps for a school project - Tristan Pascoe [July 27, 2010]
im thick tath so very hard - hazelsoronio [July 24, 2010]
i think it is a very great thing whing which has come to the sistem we thank all those who have hand in it - ernest osei yaw [July 16, 2010]
good facts - udit [July 8, 2010]
good facts but not so good facts - swati [July 8, 2010]
Why did Charles Babbage invent the Computer - olivia [June 28, 2010]
So Interstinmg Facts - Bhavna Singh [June 28, 2010]
I Learn Many Things About Computer And Charles Babbage Really I Am Very Happy Believe It Or Not See The Serial Bidaai Its A Very Interesting Serial Of Two Sisters - Swati Upadhyay [June 27, 2010]
The Facts Were Really Intersting - Swati [June 15, 2010]
hello people - franky [June 8, 2010]
iNTERESTING but not alot of information. - hannah [June 8, 2010]
This was a good answer and helped me understand. - Suzy [May 23, 2010]
if it was not computers i would never found this out - leah [May 12, 2010]
This is some interesting information about Charles Babbage.. - Alana [May 12, 2010]
It is really cool to learn about who invented computer. - Nick Singh [May 8, 2010]
i guess - whoop as [May 3, 2010]
i love u jocelyn - Nelson Arroyo [May 1, 2010]
oH YEAH OH BABY OH OH OH OH HELL YEAH OH YEAH OH YEAH! - Miley cyrus [April 13, 2010]
U want 2 kno wat "Bob" we don't care about wat u say. K? - KK [April 12, 2010]
iM so BorEd oF bOrDem! HI STEFANIE! - Joubany Ramirez [April 6, 2010]
I think the computer is the basic,fundamental,accurate and modern means of calculation - kingsley [April 5, 2010]
no offense but its a message board not a dating show - Bob [March 31, 2010]
interesting - Tom [March 31, 2010]
sorry john... hoax over i'm only 12 and i won't ever see you again haha funny joke ^.^ well uhhh april fools? bye! - Amy Dale [March 26, 2010]
Oh, ya i'm glad ur out of the hospital - Mandy [March 26, 2010]
u are? Oh, i'm so happy ur amy dale's nephew? now that's weird - Mandy [March 26, 2010]
Im back! - John casablanc [March 26, 2010]
yeaa that was my group lol we um woke up late XD - Jet [March 26, 2010]
Evashank is so kind. I went with my nephew John Cassablanc on Tuesday to middle school and saw kids in their pjs! - Amy Dale [March 24, 2010]
i really think that info in the website r very useful. - devi [March 19, 2010]
S are you there? Answer Me! I need to know whats hapening to John! - Amy Dale [March 18, 2010]
S. That wasen't me. I actually care about what happened to him. He is my soul, my sweet hunnybunny - amy dale [March 18, 2010]
REALLY? CAUSE I CAN ONLY SAY THAT HE WAS REALLY DEPRESSED AND THATS HOW HE IS IN THE HOSPITAL. - S [March 18, 2010]
Yes i know, but i was drunk when i said it was over - Amy dale [March 18, 2010]
i cannot say, but he loves u so much and u know that - s [March 18, 2010]
What happened did he die? - Amy dale [March 18, 2010]
he is in the hospital - s [March 18, 2010]
What do you know about him? - Amy Dale [March 18, 2010]
Hya Mandy! How r u? Do u know somthing about John or where he is? Because when I said that it was over, I was drunk, you know? Have you ever been drunk before? Beer, and Wine make a really bad combination because then you get double drunk! - Amy Dale [March 18, 2010]
hello people (which includes you Girl) - Mandy [March 18, 2010]
Kayla or whoever ur name is why would u say ok u SHOULD say k - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
people PLZ! answer me! It's been hours! - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
Now, u Jason! stop saying that u did it with mr. evershank ( or whoever) because no one wants u - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
Now, I'm bord. Someone type! I hate talking to myself! - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
Of course, Of course you do. - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
Eric, get ur but of the chair and log off - Mandy [March 17, 2010]
yea if i said my sister got run over by a taco truck I'd say it like... OMG MY SIS GOT RUNNEDED OVA BY DA TACO TRUCK! I got a taco from it ^.^ wait ima vegetarian O.O... oh what the h3ll bottoms up lol like that - Jet [March 17, 2010]
oh ya JET shut up cus ur not my cous, because he's so much funnier! - Amy Dale [March 17, 2010]
whoa whoa whoa someone fakin meh who is it? - Jet [March 17, 2010]
Oh, ya Ricky, VIVA LA VIDA LOCA! like us! :D - Amy Dale [March 17, 2010]
MY SISTER GOT RUN OVER BY A TACO TRUCK - JET [March 17, 2010]
Hey! Mona Lisa! Miley Cyrus has a better chance with my couse Jet than u! go to hel1! because jet doesn't date dead old hags, LIKE U! - Amy Dale [March 17, 2010]
EVERY TIME I SEE HER IN THE ROOM NAKED. I SAY SEXY - Erick LETEHE [March 17, 2010]
uhhhh lisa again i don't date uhhh that word lol - Jet [March 17, 2010]
viva la vida loca!11 - riCky mArtIn [March 17, 2010]
Whoa! what just happened! No! John! don't leave me! I had a party on Monday (march 15th) and I was drunk, so when i typed in and saw what u wrote i just became i think really mad , but then again i was drunk, so don't leave me! PLZ! and Jet ya my party rocked! - Amy Dale [March 17, 2010]
JET EAT IT! OH YEAH! - MONA LISA [March 17, 2010]
WHOA AMY THAT WAS ONE FREAKIN PARTY AT YOUR HOUSE LOL WE WERE ALL DRUNK XD lol partied till like 1 p.m. lol like 24 hrs there - Jet [March 17, 2010]
STAY AWAY FROM MY MAN! IMMA BEAT THE POOP OUT OF U MILEY CYRUS - MONA LISA [March 15, 2010]
I LOVBE3 U JET - MILEY CYRUS [March 15, 2010]
NO! AMY PLZ! I NEED U! IM SO SORRY FOR NOT BEING THERE FOR MY HOMIES! LOL! JUST KIDDING! I CAN'T BELIEVE IM SAYING THIS BUT... I AGREE. I DON'T WANNA BE WITH U. I TRIED TO BE NICE AND STUFF... BUT U DON'T CARE. THERE ARE MORE WIMIN OUT DERE IN DA WORLD I WILL FIND. AND U WERE FIND MORE MEN. THINGS MUST BE TAKEN AS NATURAL COURSES. - John Cassablanc [March 15, 2010]
you want to know what John! It's so over! - Amy Dale [March 15, 2010]
d0 U lOve mE? - jOHn casSaBlanC [March 13, 2010]
AMY! I CAN'T BE HERE ALL THE TIME. AND IF U HAVE KIDS!?!?!?!? THEN WHO R U MARRIED TO. IT IS SO CUTE HOW U R PRETENDING TO BE KIDS AND ITS ADORABLE. BUT I JUST CANT BE HERE EVERYDAY! I HAVE TO GO TO WORK! I TRAVEL AROUND THE DAMN WORLD AND I WISH I COULD BE HERE EVERYDAY WITH U BECAuse i love u baby. ireallydo! - John Cassablanc [March 13, 2010]
Daddy! don't ditch us like amy got her father ditched! don't make us go through it again - Amy's 9 kids [March 12, 2010]
DADDY! POP GOES THE WEASEL - Jet [March 12, 2010]
Were the H3ll are u John, I type in and ur not there?! What will our children think when they see that their father ditches them and their mother! HUH! You better answer me! - Amy Dale [March 12, 2010]
oh to john... but still - Jet [March 11, 2010]
thank u so much amy. ily. ITS MY MOM! - john Cassabalnc [March 11, 2010]
YOU don't wanna suffer? WE ALL SUFFER FROM YOU! - Jet [March 11, 2010]
but that only applies to john - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
I hope ur alright, I don't want u to suffer. - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
oh, i'm so sorry!who was it? are u ok?! - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
oh sure amy your the one who messes up everyones life! your the bear and we're the campers! - Jet [March 11, 2010]
one of my family members just died - john cassablanc [March 11, 2010]
John my question is are U there? There for me right now? or are U going to ditch me. - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
ya, i'm just really hurt. right now. im crying and everything. Why do people want to make fun of me and lie about me. WHY DO THEY CHOOSE ME? - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
por que? - Jet [March 11, 2010]
Jet. u know that was was so stupid of u to say that. and stop typing in as me! - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
uh higgity higgity uh THAT'S ALL FOLKS (loony toons end) - Jet [March 11, 2010]
Kiddin its just me lol - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
It's over... - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
John the hoax over I'M 12 O.O - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
u want 2 know what Jet the weasel still didn't go POP - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
i'm kiddin and i'm worthless - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
Jet. stop it - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
Hi cupcake! awww u remembered. - Amy Dale [March 11, 2010]
hi bubblegum! - john cassablanc [March 11, 2010]
I LOVE GREG FROM EVERYBODY HATES CHRIS - GIGI [March 10, 2010]
i think it was a old dude named lalala - Mandy [March 10, 2010]
Hi there! How are you? I like tacos! bored bored bored bored you have aids? bored bored bored POP GOES THE WEASEL when finished wit message read again ^.^ - Jet [March 10, 2010]
WHO INVENTED THE TELETUBBIES? - MARK BALLAS [March 10, 2010]
I AM A SORE LOSER WITHOUT A LIFE. I HAD NO PEOPLE SLEEP OVER - LALA [March 10, 2010]
we kind of figured that out about a long time ago - Mandy [March 10, 2010]
I said thank u because to me its kind of awsome of how much u protect her from these losers - Mandy [March 10, 2010]
THATS RIGHT U GO AMY - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
Thank u John and u losers i have 13 knives at my house and a crowbare the knives are super sharp so u losers better hope i don't know where u live IDIOTS! - Mandy [March 10, 2010]
SHUT UP AMY - CHUCKY [March 10, 2010]
HI! I AM CHUCKY CHARLES. - CHUCKY [March 10, 2010]
give me an a give me a m give me a y! what dose that spell? amy! go amy go! go amy go! go amy go! - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
u go girl! - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
So, u want to know where the weasles goin to POP? i think it might be in the bahamas or figi, oh ya SANDY GET OFF! - Amy Dale [March 10, 2010]
ya where? I'm so anxious! - Sandy Dale [March 10, 2010]
awww i miss u 2 baby - Amy Dale [March 10, 2010]
I know, but sometimes i just want 2 talk with u because i work 2 and i'm off between 10:15 to 11:02 and im bored and ur so interesting to talk with so it stops my boredom. - Amy Dale [March 10, 2010]
Sweetie i wish i could talk 2 u everyday. it would be a granted wish. i miss u! - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
so is the wedding on? - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
AMY U R MY LOVE AND I CAN'T BE ONLINE ALL THE TIME. I GO TO WORK SO WE CAN HAVE ENOUGH FOR OUR WEDDING. I LOVE U HUNNYBUNCH MUNCHY COOKIE!=) - John Cassablanc [March 10, 2010]
Amy, u know i love u with all of my heart. I went to my grandfathers funeral on sunday and i wasen't home. I was so depressed and if u left me, this would be another bad thing. i LOVE u so MucH wiTh all of my soul. Honey plZ don't leave me. PLZ! - John Cassablanc [March 9, 2010]
But u would never talk to me so it hurts a lot. - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
BABY I LOVE U PLZ DON'T LEAVE ME. I LOVE U AND U R NUMBER 1! BABY - John Cassablanc [March 9, 2010]
bye. I'm crying so hard right now i think my hearts going to explode with sadness. And its all ur falt! - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
I thought love was a wonderful feeling, but now it really hurts. Now i'm crying even harder. - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
John so now ur afraid of me? If you loved me u would talk to me instead of ditching me. Now you made me cry. - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
lol deal - Ricky Dale [March 9, 2010]
where the h311 you! i called you and then you ditch me like this! Thats not right! now it's time to talk. :( - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
LEAVE MY GIRL ALONE! YOU TOUCH HER THOSE WILL BE UR LAST HANDS. SHW IS MY LIFE AND I LOVE HER!1 - John Cassablanc [March 9, 2010]
wat the h3ll are you talkin about 5th grader it was 2 days ago! - Ricky Dale [March 9, 2010]
u know what Ricky go to 1134! Right now! - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
huh wat house? we have a house? last time i remembered you decided to live with your mother o.O great to live away from that witch - Ricky Dale [March 9, 2010]
well now i am o.O get the divorce papers ... - Ricky Dale [March 9, 2010]
I know ur here since u commented just now! So talk to me! - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
Hi John! What took u so long?! - Amy Dale [March 9, 2010]
AMY! MYLOVE - John Cassablanc [March 9, 2010]
John! JOHN! JOHN! Get in this conversation right now! For me! Please! I know ur watching this! P.s Jet im thinking about Figi and the Bahamas! - Amy Dale [March 8, 2010]
Since you're not listening to my advice. Amy, where's the honeymoon? - Amy Dale [March 8, 2010]
Awsome, new family members for Amy to torture! (get out of it Jhon while you still can) - Sandy [March 8, 2010]
o amy gonna mess him up =P - Jet [March 5, 2010]
omg... i'm sorry john i'm going to have to do something...for us to be together...please don't call the cops... i'll be back... - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
I have the rite 2 no im ur husband! - Ricky Dale [March 5, 2010]
nothing ricky... - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
WHOA WATS GOIN ON HERE? - Ricky Dale [March 5, 2010]
Well I trust you John ^.^ - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
Amy i eat food just like any other human dose. i love u so much and i wish we could meet. lisa is just jelous of u because u r more beautiful then any other chika - John Cassablanc [March 5, 2010]
sorry got to go - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
what sweetheart - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
awwww! thank u so much amy - John Cassablanc [March 5, 2010]
stop lying! John i love you so much! would i ever hurt you? - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
ok alright joubany - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
lol sure im not stephanie - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
at least we agree on 1 thing. ; ) - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
I know, he is the sweetest man ever! - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
well i said that because i thought that was really sweet. - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
ok so maybe not lisa - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
Why are u telling my man that you love him? - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
cause mandy... i no ur lisa chao and someone that knows us or somewher else lol in dif comp room - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
Thank you so much John you are my hero! - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
well i meant in this room i checked... spy XD - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
Why do you want to know who i am? - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
I LOVE U AMY. I WAS TELLING LISA SO SHE COULD STOP HURTING U - John Cassablanc [March 5, 2010]
Hey you John don't tell sone to shut up! that's just so mean! you need to get a life to! its all your falt that we're in this computer mess! - Mandy [March 5, 2010]
oh and lisa.. i can tell from your last name that your a sonic fan =P yea imma detective XD COME CLEAN O.O - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
OMG SHE'S SCARING ME... HOW DO U EVEN KNOW I'M JR? MY LIKE REAL NAME IS WELL NOT SAYIN BUT STILL O.O I DON'T EVEN THINK EVASHANK KNOWS AAAND... wait... lisa? i'm pretty sure you're in here too... - Jr. [March 5, 2010]
Hi peoples, I'm Back! - Amy Dale [March 5, 2010]
THE LAST THING I NEED IS A MONEY BUT ON MY DINNER. PLATE. LEAVE ME AND MY GIRL AMY DALE ALONE! - John Cassablanc [March 4, 2010]
U DON'T KNOW ANYTHING BOUT MY LIFE! - LISA CHAO [March 4, 2010]
I am not saying anything bout that. Im just saying scaring them is really mean! - John Cassablanc [March 4, 2010]
Listen John Cassablanc. My cousin has shown me pics of those kids. They r in his computer room. Names: Nelson, Will, Jason, Linda, Brenda, Stephanie, Jr., Jennifer, Selma, Gladys, and more kids. He talks to me about his students because cousins love to talk about kids! - Lisa Chao [March 4, 2010]
JK! ITS ME! Lisa Chao! I know who ur teacher is. He talks about u kids and im trying to scare u by pretending to be them. Im not ms. evashank nor Jr. I know evashank. He is my cousin! - Lisa Chao [March 4, 2010]
Hi i am the police. Will John Cassablan marry me? I am a woman cop who is searchin for a hot man - Lisa Choa [March 4, 2010]
Cool - Sandy [March 4, 2010]
YES! AMY DALE I LOVE U SO MUCH! I LOVE U HONEY! AND I DO NOT HAVE HEALTH INSURANCE. Y? - John Cassablan [March 4, 2010]
yes i would John Cassablanc you are the 4thl ove of my life p.s do you have health insurance? - Amy Dale [March 3, 2010]
Amy Dale? Will u marry me? - John Cassablanc [March 2, 2010]
i like the computer because it has games and alot of cool stuff - Margret Patty [March 2, 2010]
thanks for the answer,i and my friends are happy to pick up the truth
as for who invented the computer. - njeck joseph [February 24, 2010]
is the real massiah? - coach K [February 4, 2010]
here we come prep - da messiah [February 4, 2010]
we couldnt find outlets for our computers we ...brb fighting off a batch of gorillaz got cought stealing bannas o wawa - teddeessee [February 4, 2010]
well since e=mc2 i have to come to the conclisin that the 1st computer was by a hobbo in space named dave. in the many books i read all the people have sneakers with computer scrennz. and i like to go the AP english class and always call out even though im not spose 2 b in that class. i never kissed a girl but read many bookz - john baggage [February 4, 2010]
bac in the mother land there was no computers we use 2 have 2 jus go to this guy hu yelled out information. it was hard 2 listin 2 him with all the chettas in the bacround growlin - M. Megafu [February 4, 2010]
i dunked on miles at his own homecoming lol - guy frm McClany [February 4, 2010]
it is great - jacob dean [January 31, 2010]
is cool - jonah waadi [January 24, 2010]
which types of computer did he invented - jonah waadi [January 24, 2010]
well who really invented the first computer so NOT MY BEST CHOCE
well ok bye for now
Evolution Of Computers
You use the computer so many times, don't you? But what do you know about its history? Do you know how computers evolved from being small calculators to becoming the intelligent machines that they are? Read on for information on the evolution of computers.
You use the computer so many times, don't you? But what do you know about its history? Do you know how computers evolved from being small calculators to becoming the intelligent machines that they are? Read on for information on the evolution of computers.
The term Computer, originally meant a person capable of performing
numerical calculations with the help of a mechanical computing device.
The foundation stone of the development of computers was laid way back
in the era before Christ. Binary arithmetic is at the core of computer
systems. History of computers dates back to the invention of a
mechanical adding machine in 1642. ABACUS, an early computing tool, the
invention of logarithm by John Napier and the invention of slide rules
by William Oughtred were significant events in the evolution of
computers from these early computing devices. Here's introducing you to
the ancestors of modern computers.
Abacus was invented in 2400 BC.
Pingala introduced the binary number system, which would later form the core of computing systems.
Later in 60 AD, Heron of Alexandria invented machines that could follow instructions. Who knew back then that this idea would evolve into intelligent machines!
The 1600s witnessed the invention of slide rules, the system of movable rods based on logarithms used to perform basic mathematical calculations, and a mechanical adding machine, which in some way, laid the foundation of modern-day calculating machines or computers.
1800s saw some remarkable feats in the history of computers. They included:
A punching card system was devised by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801.
Charles Babbage designed the first mechanical computer in 1822 and the Analytical Engine in 1834.
Morse code was invented in 1835 by Samuel Morse.
George Boole invented the Boolean algebra in 1848, which would later be at the heart of programming.
If you look at how computers evolved, you will notice that first generation computers made use of vacuum tubes. These computers were expensive and bulky. They used machine language for computing and could solve just one problem at a time. They did not support multitasking.
IBM, today a big name in the list of computer technology industries, was founded in 1911.
It was in 1937 that Alan Turing came up with the concept of a theoretical Turing machine. In the same year, John V. Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype in the November of 1939. Its computations were based on a vacuum tube and it used regenerative capacitor memory.
Konrad Zuse's electromechanical 'Z Machines', especially the Z3 of 1941 was a notable achievement in the evolution of computers. It was the first machine to include binary and floating-point arithmetic and a considerable amount of programmability. Since it was proved to be Turing complete in 1998, it is regarded as world's first operational computer.
In 1943, the Colossus was secretly designed at Bletchley Park, Britain to decode German messages. The Harvard Mark I of 1944 was a large-scale electromechanical computer with less programmability. It was another step forward in the evolution of computers.
The U.S. Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory came up with the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) in 1946. It came to be known as the first general purpose electronic computer. However, it was required to be rewired to change its programming thus making its architecture inflexible. Developers of ENIAC realized the flaws in the architecture and developed a better one. It was known as the stored program architecture or von Neumann Architecture. It got this name after John von Neumann, who for the first time described the architecture in 1945. All the projects of developing computers taken up thereafter have been using the von Neumann Architecture. All the computers use a 'stored program architecture', which is now a part of the definition of computers.
The U.S. National Bureau of Standards came up with Standards Electronic/Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) in 1950. Diodes handled all the logic making it the first computer to base its logic on solid devices.
American mathematician and engineer, known as the 'Father of Information Theory', Claude Shannon published a paper Programming a Computer for Playing Chess, wherein he wrote about a machine that could be made to play chess!
IBM announced the IBM 702 Electronic Data Processing Machine in 1953. It was developed for business use and could address scientific and engineering applications.
Till the 1950s all computers that were used were vacuum tube based. In the 1960s, transistor based computers replaced vacuum tubes. Transistors made computers smaller and cheaper. They made computers energy-efficient. But transistors led to emission of large amounts of heat from the computer, which could damage them. The use of transistors marked the second generation of computers. Computers of this generation used punched cards for input. They used assembly language.
Stanford Research Institute brought out ERMA, Electronic Recording Machine Accounting Project, which dealt with automation of the process of bookkeeping in banking.
In 1959, General Electric Corporation delivered its ERMA computing system to the Bank of America in California.
The use of Integrated circuits ushered in the third generation of computers. Their use increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Operating systems were the human interface to computing operations and keyboards and monitors became the input-output devices. COBOL, one of the earliest computer languages, was developed in 1959-60. BASIC came out in 1964. It was designed by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz. Douglas Engelbart invented the first mouse prototype in 1963. Computers used a video display terminal (VDT) in the early days. The invention of Color Graphics Adapter in 1981 and that of Enhanced Graphics Adapter in 1984, both by IBM added 'color' to computer displays. All through the 1990s, computer monitors used the CRT technology. LCD replaced it in the 2000s. Computer keyboards evolved from the early typewriters. The development of computer storage devices started with the invention of Floppy disks, by IBM again.
In 1968, DEC launched the first mini computer called the PDP-8.
In 1969, the development of ARPANET began with the financial backing of the Department Of Defense.
Thousands of integrated circuits placed onto a silicon chip made up a microprocessor. Introduction of microprocessors was the hallmark of fourth generation computers.
Intel produced large-scale integration circuits in 1971. Microprocessors came up during the 1970s. Ted Hoff, working for Intel introduced 4-bit 4004.
In 1972, Intel introduced the 8080 microprocessors.
In 1974, Xerox came up with Alto workstation at PARC. It consisted of a monitor, a graphical interface, a mouse, and an Ethernet card for networking.
Apple Computers brought out the Macintosh personal computer on January 24 1984.
By 1988, more than 45 million computers were in use in the United States. The number went up to a billion by 2002.
The fifth generation computers are in their development phase. They would be capable of massive parallel processing, support voice recognition and understand natural language. The current advancements in computer technology are likely to transform computing machines into intelligent ones that possess self organizing skills. The evolution of computers will continue, perhaps till the day their processing powers equal human intelligence.
Abacus was invented in 2400 BC.
Pingala introduced the binary number system, which would later form the core of computing systems.
Later in 60 AD, Heron of Alexandria invented machines that could follow instructions. Who knew back then that this idea would evolve into intelligent machines!
The 1600s witnessed the invention of slide rules, the system of movable rods based on logarithms used to perform basic mathematical calculations, and a mechanical adding machine, which in some way, laid the foundation of modern-day calculating machines or computers.
1800s saw some remarkable feats in the history of computers. They included:
A punching card system was devised by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801.
Charles Babbage designed the first mechanical computer in 1822 and the Analytical Engine in 1834.
Morse code was invented in 1835 by Samuel Morse.
George Boole invented the Boolean algebra in 1848, which would later be at the heart of programming.
If you look at how computers evolved, you will notice that first generation computers made use of vacuum tubes. These computers were expensive and bulky. They used machine language for computing and could solve just one problem at a time. They did not support multitasking.
IBM, today a big name in the list of computer technology industries, was founded in 1911.
It was in 1937 that Alan Turing came up with the concept of a theoretical Turing machine. In the same year, John V. Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype in the November of 1939. Its computations were based on a vacuum tube and it used regenerative capacitor memory.
Konrad Zuse's electromechanical 'Z Machines', especially the Z3 of 1941 was a notable achievement in the evolution of computers. It was the first machine to include binary and floating-point arithmetic and a considerable amount of programmability. Since it was proved to be Turing complete in 1998, it is regarded as world's first operational computer.
In 1943, the Colossus was secretly designed at Bletchley Park, Britain to decode German messages. The Harvard Mark I of 1944 was a large-scale electromechanical computer with less programmability. It was another step forward in the evolution of computers.
The U.S. Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory came up with the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) in 1946. It came to be known as the first general purpose electronic computer. However, it was required to be rewired to change its programming thus making its architecture inflexible. Developers of ENIAC realized the flaws in the architecture and developed a better one. It was known as the stored program architecture or von Neumann Architecture. It got this name after John von Neumann, who for the first time described the architecture in 1945. All the projects of developing computers taken up thereafter have been using the von Neumann Architecture. All the computers use a 'stored program architecture', which is now a part of the definition of computers.
The U.S. National Bureau of Standards came up with Standards Electronic/Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) in 1950. Diodes handled all the logic making it the first computer to base its logic on solid devices.
American mathematician and engineer, known as the 'Father of Information Theory', Claude Shannon published a paper Programming a Computer for Playing Chess, wherein he wrote about a machine that could be made to play chess!
IBM announced the IBM 702 Electronic Data Processing Machine in 1953. It was developed for business use and could address scientific and engineering applications.
Till the 1950s all computers that were used were vacuum tube based. In the 1960s, transistor based computers replaced vacuum tubes. Transistors made computers smaller and cheaper. They made computers energy-efficient. But transistors led to emission of large amounts of heat from the computer, which could damage them. The use of transistors marked the second generation of computers. Computers of this generation used punched cards for input. They used assembly language.
Stanford Research Institute brought out ERMA, Electronic Recording Machine Accounting Project, which dealt with automation of the process of bookkeeping in banking.
In 1959, General Electric Corporation delivered its ERMA computing system to the Bank of America in California.
The use of Integrated circuits ushered in the third generation of computers. Their use increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Operating systems were the human interface to computing operations and keyboards and monitors became the input-output devices. COBOL, one of the earliest computer languages, was developed in 1959-60. BASIC came out in 1964. It was designed by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz. Douglas Engelbart invented the first mouse prototype in 1963. Computers used a video display terminal (VDT) in the early days. The invention of Color Graphics Adapter in 1981 and that of Enhanced Graphics Adapter in 1984, both by IBM added 'color' to computer displays. All through the 1990s, computer monitors used the CRT technology. LCD replaced it in the 2000s. Computer keyboards evolved from the early typewriters. The development of computer storage devices started with the invention of Floppy disks, by IBM again.
In 1968, DEC launched the first mini computer called the PDP-8.
In 1969, the development of ARPANET began with the financial backing of the Department Of Defense.
Thousands of integrated circuits placed onto a silicon chip made up a microprocessor. Introduction of microprocessors was the hallmark of fourth generation computers.
Intel produced large-scale integration circuits in 1971. Microprocessors came up during the 1970s. Ted Hoff, working for Intel introduced 4-bit 4004.
In 1972, Intel introduced the 8080 microprocessors.
In 1974, Xerox came up with Alto workstation at PARC. It consisted of a monitor, a graphical interface, a mouse, and an Ethernet card for networking.
Apple Computers brought out the Macintosh personal computer on January 24 1984.
By 1988, more than 45 million computers were in use in the United States. The number went up to a billion by 2002.
The fifth generation computers are in their development phase. They would be capable of massive parallel processing, support voice recognition and understand natural language. The current advancements in computer technology are likely to transform computing machines into intelligent ones that possess self organizing skills. The evolution of computers will continue, perhaps till the day their processing powers equal human intelligence.
Evolution of Supercomputers
Supercomputers are not your average computers. They are designed to work at very fast speeds, handling huge amounts of data and performing multiple complex tasks at the same time. In the following article, take an in-depth look at the evolution process of these computing giants.
Supercomputers are not your average computers. They are designed to work at very fast speeds, handling huge amounts of data and performing multiple complex tasks at the same time. In the following article, take an in-depth look at the evolution process of these computing giants.
Bigger, faster, stronger and better - man seems to thrive on using
superlatives, especially in the realm of technology. With mobiles and
computers, the trend seems to be speedier and smaller. Then there are
supercomputers, which are the brains or "Einsteins" of the computing
world. Supercomputers are faster, more powerful and very large, when
compared to their everyday counterparts. Supercomputers have a wide
range of uses in complex and data consuming applications. Where did it
all began? To answer that question, read on for a brief history of
supercomputers.
The Beginning of the Supercomputer Age - The 1960s
Livermore Advanced Research Computer
In 1960, the UNIVAC LARC (Livermore Advanced Research Computer) was unveiled. It cannot be considered as the first supercomputer, since its configuration was not as powerful as expected but rather is considered the first attempt at building such a machine. Its inventor was Remington Rand. At the time of its invention, it was the fastest computer around. Following is a list of features of UNIVAC LARC:
Had 2 Central Processing Units (CPU's) and one I/O (input/output) processor.
Had a core memory power of 8 banks, which stored 20,000 words.
Accessing memory speed was 8 microseconds and cycle time was 4 microseconds.
1961 saw the creation of the IBM 7030 or Stretch. In the whole rat race to build the first supercomputer and sell it, IBM had designs and plans but lost the first contract to the LARC. Fearing that the LARC would emerge as the ultimate winner, IBM promised a very powerful machine and set high expectations, that ultimately it could not live up to. The 7030 was compared to an earlier IBM model, the IBM 7090, which was a mainframe computer released in 1959. Its computational speed was projected to be 100x times faster than the IBM 7090 but once made, it was only 30x times faster.
Its selling price was greatly reduced, few models were sold and this machine was a major embarrassment for IBM. But this machine contributed greatly to key computer concepts, such as multiprogramming, memory interleaving and protection, 8-bit byte and instruction pipelining. IBM implemented these concepts in their upcoming models, spawning successful machines in the business and scientific lines of use. Such concepts are used today in microprocessor systems, such as the Intel Pentium and the Motorola/IBM PowerPC.
CDC 6600
What marks the beginning of a species or objects evolution? One success or one being that surpassed the others to form the prototype from which future generations would be formed. You could say the evolution of supercomputers began with the CDC 6600. It was designed by Seymour Cray, the man regarded as the creator of supercomputers, for the Control Data Corporation, in 1964. A few of the features of CDC 6600 are listed below:
1 CPU for arithmetic and logical operations, different simpler processors (I/O processors or peripheral processors) for other tasks.
Introduced Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) concept, where instruction set of the main CPU was smaller, different processors could work in parallel and clock speed was very fast (10 MHz).
Introduced logical address translation.
The 6600 had a performance figure of 1 MFLOP (10 6 floating-point operations per second), making it 3 times faster that the Stretch and it reigned supreme as the world's fastest computer till 1969.
Timeline of Supercomputer Evolution
1969 CDC 7600 was released. It surpassed the 6600 with a clock speed of 36.4 MHz and used a pipelined scalar architecture. It surpassed the 6600 by 10x times, with its performance figure of 10 MFLOPS.
1972 Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own computing firm, Cray Research.
1974 CDC released the STAR-100, a supercomputer with a vector processor. It had a performance speed of 100 MFLOPS.
1976 The Cray-1 was unveiled, a machine with a vector processor and had a clock speed of 80 MHz and a performance figure of 160 MFLOPS. This system was a 64-bit system and had its own OS, assembler and used a FORTRAN compiler.
1982 The Cray X-MP was unveiled. This machine was designed by Steve Chen and used a shared-memory parallel vector. Its clock speed was 105 MHz or 9.5 nanoseconds. This was the first multi processor supercomputer.
1985 Cray-2 was born. This machine exceeded the MFLOPS factor and touched GFLOPS (1000 MFLOPS) with a performance figure of 1.9 GFLOPS. It had 4-8 processors in a completely new design and structure, with pipelining and a high memory latency.
1990 The Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel was created. It had a vector parallel architecture and its sustained performance factor was 100 GFLOPS, with a clock cycle time of 9.5 nanoseconds. It had 166 vector processors, each with a speed of 1.7 GFLOPS.
1996 HITACHI SR2201 used a distributed memory parallel system to attain a performance of 600 GFLOPS from 2048 processors.
1997 Intel and Sandia Labs jointly created the ASCI RED. This mesh-based machine was designed for extremely large parallel processing and had 9298 Pentium II processors. Its performance touched 1.34 TFLOPS, making it the first supercomputer to do so and it remained the king of its kind, till the year 2000. It was also a very scalable supercomputer, with its processors found in most home computer systems.
2004 The Earth Simulator was designed to simulate the world's climatic conditions, on both land and sea, as well as atmospheric. It was built by NEC and had 8 vector processors. Its performance factor was 131 TFLOPS.
2005 The first machine from the IBM Blue Gene supercomputer series, was the Blue Gene/L. This machine started out with a peak performance of 280 TFLOPS. There are 4 main Blue Gene projects and 27 supercomputers using the architecture, which uses approx 60,000 processors.
2008 The IBM Roadrunner is a hybrid supercomputer, with 2 different processor architectures working in tandem. It uses Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora as its OS and its performance is 1.456 petaflops at peak.
2010 Tianhe-I was a record breaker in so many ways. It was China's first supercomputer to enter the Top500 list of supercomputers. It has a performance factor of 2.566 PFLOPS, which made it the fastest supercomputer till 2011.
2011 The reigning champion amongst supercomputers is the K computer, a Japanese supercomputer, which touches performance rates of 8.162 PFLOPS. It uses 68,544 8-core processors and its construction is still being completed.
It's clear to see that from the march of time, the configuration and strengths of one supercomputer model has served to enhance and result in a better and more advanced newer model. Another point to note, is that the supercomputer of yesteryear is more backward that the desktop of today!
The Beginning of the Supercomputer Age - The 1960s
Livermore Advanced Research Computer
In 1960, the UNIVAC LARC (Livermore Advanced Research Computer) was unveiled. It cannot be considered as the first supercomputer, since its configuration was not as powerful as expected but rather is considered the first attempt at building such a machine. Its inventor was Remington Rand. At the time of its invention, it was the fastest computer around. Following is a list of features of UNIVAC LARC:
Had 2 Central Processing Units (CPU's) and one I/O (input/output) processor.
Had a core memory power of 8 banks, which stored 20,000 words.
Accessing memory speed was 8 microseconds and cycle time was 4 microseconds.
1961 saw the creation of the IBM 7030 or Stretch. In the whole rat race to build the first supercomputer and sell it, IBM had designs and plans but lost the first contract to the LARC. Fearing that the LARC would emerge as the ultimate winner, IBM promised a very powerful machine and set high expectations, that ultimately it could not live up to. The 7030 was compared to an earlier IBM model, the IBM 7090, which was a mainframe computer released in 1959. Its computational speed was projected to be 100x times faster than the IBM 7090 but once made, it was only 30x times faster.
Its selling price was greatly reduced, few models were sold and this machine was a major embarrassment for IBM. But this machine contributed greatly to key computer concepts, such as multiprogramming, memory interleaving and protection, 8-bit byte and instruction pipelining. IBM implemented these concepts in their upcoming models, spawning successful machines in the business and scientific lines of use. Such concepts are used today in microprocessor systems, such as the Intel Pentium and the Motorola/IBM PowerPC.
CDC 6600
What marks the beginning of a species or objects evolution? One success or one being that surpassed the others to form the prototype from which future generations would be formed. You could say the evolution of supercomputers began with the CDC 6600. It was designed by Seymour Cray, the man regarded as the creator of supercomputers, for the Control Data Corporation, in 1964. A few of the features of CDC 6600 are listed below:
1 CPU for arithmetic and logical operations, different simpler processors (I/O processors or peripheral processors) for other tasks.
Introduced Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) concept, where instruction set of the main CPU was smaller, different processors could work in parallel and clock speed was very fast (10 MHz).
Introduced logical address translation.
The 6600 had a performance figure of 1 MFLOP (10 6 floating-point operations per second), making it 3 times faster that the Stretch and it reigned supreme as the world's fastest computer till 1969.
Timeline of Supercomputer Evolution
1969 CDC 7600 was released. It surpassed the 6600 with a clock speed of 36.4 MHz and used a pipelined scalar architecture. It surpassed the 6600 by 10x times, with its performance figure of 10 MFLOPS.
1972 Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own computing firm, Cray Research.
1974 CDC released the STAR-100, a supercomputer with a vector processor. It had a performance speed of 100 MFLOPS.
1976 The Cray-1 was unveiled, a machine with a vector processor and had a clock speed of 80 MHz and a performance figure of 160 MFLOPS. This system was a 64-bit system and had its own OS, assembler and used a FORTRAN compiler.
1982 The Cray X-MP was unveiled. This machine was designed by Steve Chen and used a shared-memory parallel vector. Its clock speed was 105 MHz or 9.5 nanoseconds. This was the first multi processor supercomputer.
1985 Cray-2 was born. This machine exceeded the MFLOPS factor and touched GFLOPS (1000 MFLOPS) with a performance figure of 1.9 GFLOPS. It had 4-8 processors in a completely new design and structure, with pipelining and a high memory latency.
1990 The Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel was created. It had a vector parallel architecture and its sustained performance factor was 100 GFLOPS, with a clock cycle time of 9.5 nanoseconds. It had 166 vector processors, each with a speed of 1.7 GFLOPS.
1996 HITACHI SR2201 used a distributed memory parallel system to attain a performance of 600 GFLOPS from 2048 processors.
1997 Intel and Sandia Labs jointly created the ASCI RED. This mesh-based machine was designed for extremely large parallel processing and had 9298 Pentium II processors. Its performance touched 1.34 TFLOPS, making it the first supercomputer to do so and it remained the king of its kind, till the year 2000. It was also a very scalable supercomputer, with its processors found in most home computer systems.
2004 The Earth Simulator was designed to simulate the world's climatic conditions, on both land and sea, as well as atmospheric. It was built by NEC and had 8 vector processors. Its performance factor was 131 TFLOPS.
2005 The first machine from the IBM Blue Gene supercomputer series, was the Blue Gene/L. This machine started out with a peak performance of 280 TFLOPS. There are 4 main Blue Gene projects and 27 supercomputers using the architecture, which uses approx 60,000 processors.
2008 The IBM Roadrunner is a hybrid supercomputer, with 2 different processor architectures working in tandem. It uses Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora as its OS and its performance is 1.456 petaflops at peak.
2010 Tianhe-I was a record breaker in so many ways. It was China's first supercomputer to enter the Top500 list of supercomputers. It has a performance factor of 2.566 PFLOPS, which made it the fastest supercomputer till 2011.
2011 The reigning champion amongst supercomputers is the K computer, a Japanese supercomputer, which touches performance rates of 8.162 PFLOPS. It uses 68,544 8-core processors and its construction is still being completed.
It's clear to see that from the march of time, the configuration and strengths of one supercomputer model has served to enhance and result in a better and more advanced newer model. Another point to note, is that the supercomputer of yesteryear is more backward that the desktop of today!
History of Microprocessor
A microprocessor is the heart, the soul as well as the brain of a computer. In fact, it is a computer in itself. The evolution of the microprocessor has been one of the greatest achievements of our civilization.
A microprocessor is the heart, the soul as well as the brain of a computer. In fact, it is a computer in itself. The evolution of the microprocessor has been one of the greatest achievements of our civilization.
A microprocessor is a single chip integrating all the functions of a
central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It includes all the
logical functions, data storage, timing functions and interaction with
other peripheral devices. In some cases, the terms 'CPU' and
'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the same device.
Like every genuine engineering marvel, the microprocessor too has
evolved through a series of improvements throughout the 20th century. A
brief history of the device along with its functioning is described
below.
Its Working
It is the central processing unit which coordinates all the functions of a computer. It generates timing signals, sends and receives data to and from every peripheral used inside or outside the computer. The commands required to do this are fed into the device in the form of current variations which are converted into meaningful instructions by the use of a Boolean Logic System. It divides its functions in two categories, logical functions and processing functions. The arithmetic and logical unit and the control unit handle these functions respectively. The information is communicated through a bunch of wires called buses. The address bus carries the 'address' of the location with which communication is desired while the data bus carries the data that is being exchanged.
Types
There are different ways in which microprocessors are categorized. They are
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers)
RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computers)
VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers)
Super scalar processors
Other types of specialized processors are
General Purpose Processor (GPP)
Special Purpose Processor (SPP)
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)
Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
History and Its Evolution
The invention of the transistor in 1947 was a significant development in the world of technology. It could perform the function of a large component used in a computer in the early years. Shockley, Brattain and Bardeen are credited with this invention and were awarded the Nobel prize for the same. Soon it was found that the function this large component was easily performed by a group of transistors arranged on a single platform. This platform, known as the integrated chip (IC), turned out to be a very crucial achievement and brought along a revolution in the use of computers. A person named Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments was honored with the Nobel Prize for the invention of IC, which laid the foundation on which microprocessors were developed. At the same time, Robert Noyce of Fairchild made a parallel development in IC technology for which he was awarded the patent.
ICs proved beyond doubt that complex functions could be integrated on a single chip with a highly developed speed and storage capacity. Both Fairchild and Texas Instruments began the manufacture of commercial ICs in 1961. Later, complex developments in the IC led to the addition of more complex functions on a single chip. The stage was set for a single controlling circuit for all the computer functions. Finally, Intel corporation's Ted Hoff and Frederico Fagin were credited with the design of the first microprocessor.
The work on this project began with an order from a Japanese calculator company Busicom to Intel, for building some chips for it. Hoff felt that the design could integrate a number of functions on a single chip making it feasible for providing the required functionality. This led to the design of Intel 4004, the world's first microprocessor. The next in line was the 8 bit 8008 microprocessor. It was developed by Intel in 1972 to perform complex functions in harmony with the 4004.
This was the beginning of a new era in computer applications. The use of mainframes and huge computers was scaled down to a much smaller device that was affordable to many. Earlier, their use was limited to large organizations and universities. With the advent of microprocessors, the use of computers trickled down to the common man. The next processor in line was Intel's 8080 with an 8 bit data bus and a 16 bit address bus. This was amongst the most popular microprocessors of all time.
Very soon, the Motorola corporation developed its own 6800 in competition with the Intel's 8080. Fagin left Intel and formed his own firm Zilog. It launched a new microprocessor Z80 in 1980 that was far superior to the previous two versions. Similarly, a break off from Motorola prompted the design of 6502, a derivative of the 6800. Such attempts continued with some modifications in the base structure.
The use of microprocessors was limited to task-based operations specifically required for company projects such as the automobile sector. The concept of a 'personal computer' was still a distant dream for the world and microprocessors were yet to come into personal use. The 16 bit microprocessors started becoming a commercial sell-out in the 1980s with the first popular one being the TMS9900 of Texas Instruments.
Intel developed the 8086 which still serves as the base model for all latest advancements in the microprocessor family. It was largely a complete processor integrating all the required features in it. 68000 by Motorola was one of the first microprocessors to develop the concept of microcoding in its instruction set. They were further developed to 32 bit architectures. Similarly, many players like Zilog, IBM and Apple were successful in getting their own products in the market. However, Intel had a commanding position in the market right through the microprocessor era.
The 1990s saw a large-scale application of microprocessors in the personal computer applications developed by the newly formed Apple, IBM and Microsoft Corporation. It witnessed a revolution in the use of computers, which by then was a household entity.
This growth was complemented by a highly sophisticated development in the commercial use of microprocessors. In 1993, Intel brought out its 'Pentium Processor' which is one of the most popular processors in use till date. It was followed by a series of excellent processors of the Pentium family, leading into the 21st century. The latest one in commercial use is the Pentium Dual Core technology and the Xeon processor. They have opened up a whole new world of diverse applications. Supercomputers have become common, owing to this amazing development in microprocessors.
Certainly, these little chips will go down as history but will continue to rein in the future as an ingenious creation of the human mind.
Its Working
It is the central processing unit which coordinates all the functions of a computer. It generates timing signals, sends and receives data to and from every peripheral used inside or outside the computer. The commands required to do this are fed into the device in the form of current variations which are converted into meaningful instructions by the use of a Boolean Logic System. It divides its functions in two categories, logical functions and processing functions. The arithmetic and logical unit and the control unit handle these functions respectively. The information is communicated through a bunch of wires called buses. The address bus carries the 'address' of the location with which communication is desired while the data bus carries the data that is being exchanged.
Types
There are different ways in which microprocessors are categorized. They are
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers)
RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computers)
VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers)
Super scalar processors
Other types of specialized processors are
General Purpose Processor (GPP)
Special Purpose Processor (SPP)
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)
Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
History and Its Evolution
The invention of the transistor in 1947 was a significant development in the world of technology. It could perform the function of a large component used in a computer in the early years. Shockley, Brattain and Bardeen are credited with this invention and were awarded the Nobel prize for the same. Soon it was found that the function this large component was easily performed by a group of transistors arranged on a single platform. This platform, known as the integrated chip (IC), turned out to be a very crucial achievement and brought along a revolution in the use of computers. A person named Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments was honored with the Nobel Prize for the invention of IC, which laid the foundation on which microprocessors were developed. At the same time, Robert Noyce of Fairchild made a parallel development in IC technology for which he was awarded the patent.
ICs proved beyond doubt that complex functions could be integrated on a single chip with a highly developed speed and storage capacity. Both Fairchild and Texas Instruments began the manufacture of commercial ICs in 1961. Later, complex developments in the IC led to the addition of more complex functions on a single chip. The stage was set for a single controlling circuit for all the computer functions. Finally, Intel corporation's Ted Hoff and Frederico Fagin were credited with the design of the first microprocessor.
The work on this project began with an order from a Japanese calculator company Busicom to Intel, for building some chips for it. Hoff felt that the design could integrate a number of functions on a single chip making it feasible for providing the required functionality. This led to the design of Intel 4004, the world's first microprocessor. The next in line was the 8 bit 8008 microprocessor. It was developed by Intel in 1972 to perform complex functions in harmony with the 4004.
This was the beginning of a new era in computer applications. The use of mainframes and huge computers was scaled down to a much smaller device that was affordable to many. Earlier, their use was limited to large organizations and universities. With the advent of microprocessors, the use of computers trickled down to the common man. The next processor in line was Intel's 8080 with an 8 bit data bus and a 16 bit address bus. This was amongst the most popular microprocessors of all time.
Very soon, the Motorola corporation developed its own 6800 in competition with the Intel's 8080. Fagin left Intel and formed his own firm Zilog. It launched a new microprocessor Z80 in 1980 that was far superior to the previous two versions. Similarly, a break off from Motorola prompted the design of 6502, a derivative of the 6800. Such attempts continued with some modifications in the base structure.
The use of microprocessors was limited to task-based operations specifically required for company projects such as the automobile sector. The concept of a 'personal computer' was still a distant dream for the world and microprocessors were yet to come into personal use. The 16 bit microprocessors started becoming a commercial sell-out in the 1980s with the first popular one being the TMS9900 of Texas Instruments.
Intel developed the 8086 which still serves as the base model for all latest advancements in the microprocessor family. It was largely a complete processor integrating all the required features in it. 68000 by Motorola was one of the first microprocessors to develop the concept of microcoding in its instruction set. They were further developed to 32 bit architectures. Similarly, many players like Zilog, IBM and Apple were successful in getting their own products in the market. However, Intel had a commanding position in the market right through the microprocessor era.
The 1990s saw a large-scale application of microprocessors in the personal computer applications developed by the newly formed Apple, IBM and Microsoft Corporation. It witnessed a revolution in the use of computers, which by then was a household entity.
This growth was complemented by a highly sophisticated development in the commercial use of microprocessors. In 1993, Intel brought out its 'Pentium Processor' which is one of the most popular processors in use till date. It was followed by a series of excellent processors of the Pentium family, leading into the 21st century. The latest one in commercial use is the Pentium Dual Core technology and the Xeon processor. They have opened up a whole new world of diverse applications. Supercomputers have become common, owing to this amazing development in microprocessors.
Certainly, these little chips will go down as history but will continue to rein in the future as an ingenious creation of the human mind.
Intel Microprocessor History
This article on Intel's microprocessors will give you a brief timeline of the microprocessors developed and released by Intel Corporation over the past 42 years of its existence.
This article on Intel's microprocessors will give you a brief timeline of the microprocessors developed and released by Intel Corporation over the past 42 years of its existence.
Learning about Intel will teach you a lot about how computer
processors have evolved over the years, and how we have reached the
advanced stage of processors today. Intel Corporation was founded in
July 1968, and today is the world's biggest semiconductor chip
manufacturer. The proportion of personal computers that run on Intel
chips today is simply mind-boggling, to say the least. The company is
based in Santa Clare, California, and the name was coined as an
abbreviation of Integrated Electronics Corporation.
The First Step
Intel 4004 was the world's first single chip microprocessor, and was created by Intel in November 1971. Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stan Mazor were the people who came up with this amazing chip for the time, which combined the CPU, the memory, and the input/output ports of a computer on a single chip, which was astoundingly small for the time. This was only the beginning of the long history of computer processors.
The need for the 4004 chip came up in 1969, when a Japanese client called Busicom asked Intel to make them 12 different chips for a variety of computing purposes, for an advanced calculator. But Intel did not have enough people to make these chips, so they suggested that they could put all the features into one single chip. Busicom agreed, and the microprocessor was made. In another twist of events, Intel bought the chip back from Busicom for USD 60,000 after a few months, and Busicom soon went bankrupt without releasing a single product with the 4004 chip.
This microprocessor chip made it possible for manufacturers to realize the dreams that they had seen of developing computers that could work on integrated chips. The 4-bit chips produced in that age are a far cry from the 64-bit chips produced today, but the technology has remained the same. This was truly the start of a revolution, and it is fair to say that our world would have never been the same, if this chip had not been produced. The history of microprocessors owes a lot to this chip in particular.
Further Developments
From then on, Intel became synonymous with integrated circuits, and they became the custom chip providers for all computer enthusiasts in the computer industry. In April 1972, the 8008 chip was introduced, which was the first 8-bit chip ever. Another two years later, the 8080 chip was released, which increased the speed of functioning and the number of instructions executed per second by a great amount. The next step was to create microcontrollers, which were literally 'computers on chips'. The 8748 microcontroller was released in 1976, and this allowed users to control events in real-time and manage data at much faster speeds.
In 1978, the 8086 microprocessor was released which was a further enhancement of the 8080 chip. This chip used 16-bit architecture, and it was followed up by the 8088 chip in 1981. Competition was slowly catching up with Intel at this time though, so they released the 80186 and the 80286 microprocessors in 1982. This was a very important step in microprocessor and computer history as a whole, as these microprocessors were at least 3 times faster than those of competitors, and also finally allowed the user to multitask.
The next step was to move on to 32-bit processors, and this is how the 80386 and the 80486 came up. These processors were also known as the '386' and the '486' respectively, and they were used till the early nineties. The 386 was released in 1985, and the 486 was released in 1989.
Intel Pentium Microprocessor
This list of Intel microprocessors brings us to the amazing 80586 processor, which is used even today, with several modifications and upgrades, of course. The chip was initially a 32-bit chip with a speed of about 66 MHz; the 64-bit processors that are available today can clock speeds of up to 3.6 GHz. You must look at the Intel Core processors to see the real power and beauty of these devices, which are comfortably the best computer processors. The history of Intel processors has been long and winding, but it has culminated in a great offering to the world, which has changed our lives forever.
When Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore decided to start their own company and name it Intel, they had no idea how big they would actually become. History shows us that the world would have been very different without these two disgruntled men, who left the Fairchild Semiconductor Company, and brought the Intel Corporation to the world.
The First Step
Intel 4004 was the world's first single chip microprocessor, and was created by Intel in November 1971. Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stan Mazor were the people who came up with this amazing chip for the time, which combined the CPU, the memory, and the input/output ports of a computer on a single chip, which was astoundingly small for the time. This was only the beginning of the long history of computer processors.
The need for the 4004 chip came up in 1969, when a Japanese client called Busicom asked Intel to make them 12 different chips for a variety of computing purposes, for an advanced calculator. But Intel did not have enough people to make these chips, so they suggested that they could put all the features into one single chip. Busicom agreed, and the microprocessor was made. In another twist of events, Intel bought the chip back from Busicom for USD 60,000 after a few months, and Busicom soon went bankrupt without releasing a single product with the 4004 chip.
This microprocessor chip made it possible for manufacturers to realize the dreams that they had seen of developing computers that could work on integrated chips. The 4-bit chips produced in that age are a far cry from the 64-bit chips produced today, but the technology has remained the same. This was truly the start of a revolution, and it is fair to say that our world would have never been the same, if this chip had not been produced. The history of microprocessors owes a lot to this chip in particular.
Further Developments
From then on, Intel became synonymous with integrated circuits, and they became the custom chip providers for all computer enthusiasts in the computer industry. In April 1972, the 8008 chip was introduced, which was the first 8-bit chip ever. Another two years later, the 8080 chip was released, which increased the speed of functioning and the number of instructions executed per second by a great amount. The next step was to create microcontrollers, which were literally 'computers on chips'. The 8748 microcontroller was released in 1976, and this allowed users to control events in real-time and manage data at much faster speeds.
In 1978, the 8086 microprocessor was released which was a further enhancement of the 8080 chip. This chip used 16-bit architecture, and it was followed up by the 8088 chip in 1981. Competition was slowly catching up with Intel at this time though, so they released the 80186 and the 80286 microprocessors in 1982. This was a very important step in microprocessor and computer history as a whole, as these microprocessors were at least 3 times faster than those of competitors, and also finally allowed the user to multitask.
The next step was to move on to 32-bit processors, and this is how the 80386 and the 80486 came up. These processors were also known as the '386' and the '486' respectively, and they were used till the early nineties. The 386 was released in 1985, and the 486 was released in 1989.
Intel Pentium Microprocessor
This list of Intel microprocessors brings us to the amazing 80586 processor, which is used even today, with several modifications and upgrades, of course. The chip was initially a 32-bit chip with a speed of about 66 MHz; the 64-bit processors that are available today can clock speeds of up to 3.6 GHz. You must look at the Intel Core processors to see the real power and beauty of these devices, which are comfortably the best computer processors. The history of Intel processors has been long and winding, but it has culminated in a great offering to the world, which has changed our lives forever.
When Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore decided to start their own company and name it Intel, they had no idea how big they would actually become. History shows us that the world would have been very different without these two disgruntled men, who left the Fairchild Semiconductor Company, and brought the Intel Corporation to the world.
Computer Inventors and their Inventions
There have been numerous inventions and further advancements related to computers that have revolutionized our lives. Moreover, the rich history of computers can be traced back to 5000 years and it is still evolving with research and innovation. I talk about some of the major milestones in the history of computers.
There have been numerous inventions and further advancements related to computers that have revolutionized our lives. Moreover, the rich history of computers can be traced back to 5000 years and it is still evolving with research and innovation. I talk about some of the major milestones in the history of computers.
Computer invention has empowered the human civilization in a way
that no other invention has ever done. And what should I say about the
inventors who helped us to lead a more comfortable life? These geniuses
have been the most gifted people to the world community who transformed
the way we live and work today. Inventors of computers have been many
and believe me, you simply can't say that a single person contributed in
the growth and development of this phenomenal technology. No doubt,
computer inventions that date back to 2000 years ago can't be compared
with the Apple computers of today's age, but we simply can't neglect the
importance of even a wooden Abacus machine that laid the foundation of
future computers.
Famous Inventors and their Inventions
Let me start with a small introduction to the evolution of computers as that will help you to understand things from closer angles. There is a whole lot of confusion as to who invented the computer. I will tell you that there is no fixed answer to this question as it completely depends on your definition of computers. Back, in 3000 B.C., when Abacus, the simple calculating device was introduced in China, it was said to be the foundation stone for the concept of modern-day computers. But now, can you even equate Abacus to super computers? Probably not. So, in essence, when was the first computer invented, is a very difficult question to answer. In fact, the extent and depth in different types of computers makes it more complex to find an answer to the question about popular computers and their inventions. After Abacus, came in 1622 A.D., the slide rule, invented by William Oughtred, that was said to be another conceptual and thought provoking dimension to the information age development.
Charles Babbage: The Analytical Engine
Till my elementary school, I was aware of the fact that the "Father of the Computer," was Charles Babbage, who invented an analytical engine in 1822. However, as I grew up to study computer history, I found Babbage couldn't actually build the analytical engine but was only able to present it theoretically. His unfinished work was completed by scientists in 1930. His concept of analytical engine was quite similar to the concepts of modern-day computers that include subroutines and input devices. It certainly laid the foundation of modern-day computers.
Alan Turing: The Turing Machine
Although, he did not design any computer, Alan Turing, an English mathematician and computer scientist has been one of the most influential personalities in the field of computer science. He provided a platform for formulating the basic concept of algorithm and destined the Turing machine, that was able to test the intelligence of a machine. In fact, he pioneered in the field of artificial intelligence. Today's, CAPTCHA code test on Internet and computers has evolved from Turing's ideas.
Konrad Zuse: The Z Series Computers
The German engineer, Konrad Zuse, in 1936, invented the first electrical binary programmable computer - the Z1. Z2 and Z3 were also introduced by Zuse in 1939 and 1941 respectively. Unfortunately, Zuse's efforts were destroyed during second world war.
John Vincent Atanasoff & Clifford Berry: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
Developed in the war phase of 1942, Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was the world's first fully electronic digital computer. Its inventors, John Vincent Atanasoff & Clifford Berry shared the relationship of a professor and a student. John was an America electronics engineer while Clifford his student.
The US Army: ENIAC
Financed by the US army and developed by scientists John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly, in 1946, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) is considered to be the first mainstream digital computer ever made. In fact ABC and ENIAC fought a legal battle till 1973, when ABC was finally declared to be the 1st digital computer. ENIAC was mainly built for US army research laboratory.
What followed in years after 1950 is an amazing history of computer development. Further developments in the computer field led to the invention of transistor (by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley in 1956), integrated circuits (1959) and the computer processors by the iconic Intel. Then came the brilliant Bill Gates and the legendary Steve Jobs who changed the computer history.
In fact, Internet history is also an integral part of the history of computer development as both can only coexist. You must have realized after reading this article that it is quite difficult to name any person for all computer growth. Computer development saga, in essence, is a magnificent example of impressive developments through re-invention, research, and innovation. Hence, naming many computer inventors and computer inventions individually was not possible in this article as all inventions are inseparably intertwined
together.
Famous Inventors and their Inventions
Let me start with a small introduction to the evolution of computers as that will help you to understand things from closer angles. There is a whole lot of confusion as to who invented the computer. I will tell you that there is no fixed answer to this question as it completely depends on your definition of computers. Back, in 3000 B.C., when Abacus, the simple calculating device was introduced in China, it was said to be the foundation stone for the concept of modern-day computers. But now, can you even equate Abacus to super computers? Probably not. So, in essence, when was the first computer invented, is a very difficult question to answer. In fact, the extent and depth in different types of computers makes it more complex to find an answer to the question about popular computers and their inventions. After Abacus, came in 1622 A.D., the slide rule, invented by William Oughtred, that was said to be another conceptual and thought provoking dimension to the information age development.
Charles Babbage: The Analytical Engine
Till my elementary school, I was aware of the fact that the "Father of the Computer," was Charles Babbage, who invented an analytical engine in 1822. However, as I grew up to study computer history, I found Babbage couldn't actually build the analytical engine but was only able to present it theoretically. His unfinished work was completed by scientists in 1930. His concept of analytical engine was quite similar to the concepts of modern-day computers that include subroutines and input devices. It certainly laid the foundation of modern-day computers.
Alan Turing: The Turing Machine
Although, he did not design any computer, Alan Turing, an English mathematician and computer scientist has been one of the most influential personalities in the field of computer science. He provided a platform for formulating the basic concept of algorithm and destined the Turing machine, that was able to test the intelligence of a machine. In fact, he pioneered in the field of artificial intelligence. Today's, CAPTCHA code test on Internet and computers has evolved from Turing's ideas.
Konrad Zuse: The Z Series Computers
The German engineer, Konrad Zuse, in 1936, invented the first electrical binary programmable computer - the Z1. Z2 and Z3 were also introduced by Zuse in 1939 and 1941 respectively. Unfortunately, Zuse's efforts were destroyed during second world war.
John Vincent Atanasoff & Clifford Berry: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
Developed in the war phase of 1942, Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was the world's first fully electronic digital computer. Its inventors, John Vincent Atanasoff & Clifford Berry shared the relationship of a professor and a student. John was an America electronics engineer while Clifford his student.
The US Army: ENIAC
Financed by the US army and developed by scientists John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly, in 1946, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) is considered to be the first mainstream digital computer ever made. In fact ABC and ENIAC fought a legal battle till 1973, when ABC was finally declared to be the 1st digital computer. ENIAC was mainly built for US army research laboratory.
What followed in years after 1950 is an amazing history of computer development. Further developments in the computer field led to the invention of transistor (by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley in 1956), integrated circuits (1959) and the computer processors by the iconic Intel. Then came the brilliant Bill Gates and the legendary Steve Jobs who changed the computer history.
In fact, Internet history is also an integral part of the history of computer development as both can only coexist. You must have realized after reading this article that it is quite difficult to name any person for all computer growth. Computer development saga, in essence, is a magnificent example of impressive developments through re-invention, research, and innovation. Hence, naming many computer inventors and computer inventions individually was not possible in this article as all inventions are inseparably intertwined
together.
Who Made the First Computer?
The history of computers is very interesting and colorful. If you want to know who made the first computer, then read this article to know more.
The history of computers is very interesting and colorful. If you want to know who made the first computer, then read this article to know more.
The answer to the question of who made the first computer in the
world is not an easy one. There was never a perfect piece developed like
the one which we are using today. It developed gradually, and with
combined efforts, the perfect machine was made. Hence, a single person
cannot be given the credit of making this machine. However, Charles
Babbage is known to have conceived this idea initially. Hence, he is
also known as the 'Father of Computers'.
The Mechanical Computing Engine
Charles Babbage was a British math professor. It was he who thought of building an analytical engine, which was the 1st mechanical computing engine that could store programs. He proposed this idea in the year 1822. Due to lack of funds, he could not complete this project. In the year 1837, he proposed the idea again, which encompassed the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and integrated memory. It is really extraordinary for a person to think of building a machine, which was way ahead of its time. Unfortunately, this project too was never completed because of political, legal, and financial obstacles. However, in the year 1910, Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son, is said to have completed a part of this engine that was designed to perform some basic calculations.
The Functional Engine
Almost a century later, in the year 1936, Konrad Zuse made world's first program-controlled computing machine in Germany. Many believe that it was he who made the first computer. It was named as Z1. Because of the war during that time, he faced many hardships. And it paid off well. The Z1 had a 64-word memory, and each of these words contained 22 bits. This was when the 1st programmable device was developed. Later, Zuse developed the Z2 and Z3 versions as well.
The Turing Machine
This was proposed by Alan Turing in the year 1936, and it printed symbols on paper tape, such that it felt as though a person was following a series of logical instructions.
The Digital Machine
In the year 1937, at the Iowa State University, the 1st electronic, digital counterpart was made. It was called ABC, which stood for Atanasoff-Berry Computer. It was developed by John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It took them a few years to build it, and the work continued until the year 1942. The ABC used vacuum tubes for digital computation, which involved binary math and Boolean logic. It had no processing unit.
The ENIAC
In the year 1943, a project was initiated by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. It took almost 3 years to build this machine. It was known as ENIAC. It stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the 1st digital device, which could be re-programmed. It was massive, and it took more than 1800 square feet of space. It had about 18,000 vacuum tubes, and numerous capacitors, relays, resistors, etc. It weighed almost 50 tons.
The First Stored Program Machine
The UNIVAC 1101 or the ERA 1101 is considered as the 1st machine that could store and run a program from memory.
The IBM-compatible Machine
On April 7, 1953, IBM publicly introduced the 701, its first electric and mass-produced device. Later IBM introduced the IBM PC in 1981. It was code named, and is still sometimes referred to as the Acorn. It had a 8088 processor, 16 KB of memory, which was expandable to 256, and it also had MS-DOS.
The First Personal Computer
This was possible because of the invention of microprocessors. Microprocessor is a miniature chip, which is equivalent to thousands of transistors. Because of this chip, the size of the CPU decreased. However, the credit for making this device for personal use goes to Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS), which developed a kit known as Altair 8800. After its development, there was a rising demand for this product. And hence, commercially, Tandy Corporation (Radio Shack) developed its machine in the year 1977. It had a keyboard and also a cathode-ray display terminal (CRT).
Then later in the year 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, founders of Apple Computers developed the Apple I, and later Apple II, which had their own version of microprocessors. In the later years, this burgeoning field saw more and more developments and modification.
The First Laptop
The very 1st portable machine was developed by Xerox PARC, and they named it Xerox NoteTaker. Though this machine was never mass produced, it served as a prototype for other machines to be followed. And then the 1st portable laptop was made by Osborne Computer Corporation and was named Osborne 1. Adam Osborne created this machine. It weighed 24.5 pounds, had a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, two 5 1/4" floppy drives, ran the CP/M 2.2 operating system, and included a modem.
In 1986, IBM announced its laptop called PC Convertible, which weighed 12 pounds. In 1994, the company introduced the IBM ThinkPad 775CD, the first notebook with an integrated CD-ROM.
Computers are still evolving and changing gradually. We can see more and more technological developments in this field now, replacing older systems and programs. All it is doing is helping us and reduce our workload.
The Mechanical Computing Engine
Charles Babbage was a British math professor. It was he who thought of building an analytical engine, which was the 1st mechanical computing engine that could store programs. He proposed this idea in the year 1822. Due to lack of funds, he could not complete this project. In the year 1837, he proposed the idea again, which encompassed the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and integrated memory. It is really extraordinary for a person to think of building a machine, which was way ahead of its time. Unfortunately, this project too was never completed because of political, legal, and financial obstacles. However, in the year 1910, Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son, is said to have completed a part of this engine that was designed to perform some basic calculations.
The Functional Engine
Almost a century later, in the year 1936, Konrad Zuse made world's first program-controlled computing machine in Germany. Many believe that it was he who made the first computer. It was named as Z1. Because of the war during that time, he faced many hardships. And it paid off well. The Z1 had a 64-word memory, and each of these words contained 22 bits. This was when the 1st programmable device was developed. Later, Zuse developed the Z2 and Z3 versions as well.
The Turing Machine
This was proposed by Alan Turing in the year 1936, and it printed symbols on paper tape, such that it felt as though a person was following a series of logical instructions.
The Digital Machine
In the year 1937, at the Iowa State University, the 1st electronic, digital counterpart was made. It was called ABC, which stood for Atanasoff-Berry Computer. It was developed by John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It took them a few years to build it, and the work continued until the year 1942. The ABC used vacuum tubes for digital computation, which involved binary math and Boolean logic. It had no processing unit.
The ENIAC
In the year 1943, a project was initiated by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. It took almost 3 years to build this machine. It was known as ENIAC. It stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the 1st digital device, which could be re-programmed. It was massive, and it took more than 1800 square feet of space. It had about 18,000 vacuum tubes, and numerous capacitors, relays, resistors, etc. It weighed almost 50 tons.
The First Stored Program Machine
The UNIVAC 1101 or the ERA 1101 is considered as the 1st machine that could store and run a program from memory.
The IBM-compatible Machine
On April 7, 1953, IBM publicly introduced the 701, its first electric and mass-produced device. Later IBM introduced the IBM PC in 1981. It was code named, and is still sometimes referred to as the Acorn. It had a 8088 processor, 16 KB of memory, which was expandable to 256, and it also had MS-DOS.
The First Personal Computer
This was possible because of the invention of microprocessors. Microprocessor is a miniature chip, which is equivalent to thousands of transistors. Because of this chip, the size of the CPU decreased. However, the credit for making this device for personal use goes to Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS), which developed a kit known as Altair 8800. After its development, there was a rising demand for this product. And hence, commercially, Tandy Corporation (Radio Shack) developed its machine in the year 1977. It had a keyboard and also a cathode-ray display terminal (CRT).
Then later in the year 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, founders of Apple Computers developed the Apple I, and later Apple II, which had their own version of microprocessors. In the later years, this burgeoning field saw more and more developments and modification.
The First Laptop
The very 1st portable machine was developed by Xerox PARC, and they named it Xerox NoteTaker. Though this machine was never mass produced, it served as a prototype for other machines to be followed. And then the 1st portable laptop was made by Osborne Computer Corporation and was named Osborne 1. Adam Osborne created this machine. It weighed 24.5 pounds, had a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, two 5 1/4" floppy drives, ran the CP/M 2.2 operating system, and included a modem.
In 1986, IBM announced its laptop called PC Convertible, which weighed 12 pounds. In 1994, the company introduced the IBM ThinkPad 775CD, the first notebook with an integrated CD-ROM.
Computers are still evolving and changing gradually. We can see more and more technological developments in this field now, replacing older systems and programs. All it is doing is helping us and reduce our workload.
Linux: History and Introduction
Competing with Windows, Linux has managed to earn a fair amount of popularity owing to its unique features like being a free software and supporting open source development. Here is an introduction to Linux and an overview of the history of its development.
Competing with Windows, Linux has managed to earn a fair amount of popularity owing to its unique features like being a free software and supporting open source development. Here is an introduction to Linux and an overview of the history of its development.
Competing with Windows, Linux has managed to earn a fair amount of
popularity owing to its unique features like being a free software and
supporting open source development. Here is an introduction to Linux and
an overview of the history of its development.
Linux is one of the popularly used operating systems and a free software supporting open source development. Originally designed for Intel 80386 microprocessors, Linux now runs on a variety of computer architectures and is widely used.
A Brief History
Unix was the third operating system to CTSS, the first one followed by MULTICS. A team of programmers led by Prof. Fernando J. Corbato at the MIT Computation Center, wrote the CTSS, the first operating system supporting the concept of time-sharing. AT&T started working on the MULTICS operating system but had to leave the project as they were failing to meet deadlines. Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Brian Kernighan at Bell Labs, used the ideas on the MULTICS project to develop the first version of Unix.
MINIX was a Unix-like system released by Andrew Tenenbaum. The source code was made available to the users but there were restrictions on the modification and distribution of the software. On August 25, 1991, Linus Torvalds, a second year computer engineering student studying in the University of Helsinki made an announcement that he was going to write an operating system. With an intent to replace MINIX, Torvalds started writing the Linux kernel. With this announcement of Torvalds, a success story had begun! Linux was previously dependent on the MINIX user space but with the introduction of the GNU GPL, the GNU developers worked towards the integration of Linux and the GNU components.
An Introduction to the Linux Operating System
The Unix-like operating system that uses the Linux kernel is known as the Linux operating system. In 1991, Linus Torvalds came up with the Linux kernel. He started writing the Linux kernel after which, around 250 programmers contributed to the kernel code. Richard Stallman, an American software developer, who was a part of the GNU project, created the General Public License, under which Linux is distributed. The utilities and libraries of Linux come from the GNU operating system.
By the term 'free software', we mean that Linux can be copied and redistributed in the altered or unaltered form without many restrictions. Each recipient of the Linux software is entitled to obtain the human readable form of the software and a notice granting the person the permissions to modify its source code. In other words, the distribution of the Linux software implies the distribution of a free software license to its recipients. Linux supports open source development by which we mean that all its underlying source code can be freely modified, used and distributed. The open source method of development enables the users to access its source code.
A Linux distribution is a project that manages the collection of Linux software and the installation of the OS. It includes the system software and the application software in the form of packages and the initial installation and configuration details. There are around 300 different Linux distributions. The most prominent of the Linux distributions include Red Hat, Fedora and Mandrake. Fedora Core came up after the ninth version of Red Hat Linux. Fedora Core is a rapidly updated Linux distribution. Most of the Linux distributions support a diverse range of programming languages. Most of them include Perl, Python, Ruby, and other dynamic languages. Linux supports a number of Java virtual machines and development kits as also the C++ compilers.
Linux is a freely available OS based on the Linux kernel. It is an inexpensive and effective alternative to UNIX programs and utilities. Its open source implementation enables any programmer to modify its code. Linux supports a multi-tasking and multi-user environment as also the copy-on-write functionality. The monolithic Linux kernel handles the process control, networking and the file system. Device drivers are integrated in the kernel. The Linux operating system is equipped with libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell, and a windowing system. Linux supports both the command line as well and the graphical user interfaces. It is popularly used in servers and also with desktop computers, supercomputers, video games and embedded systems. I have always enjoyed working on the Linux platform, have you?
Linux is one of the popularly used operating systems and a free software supporting open source development. Originally designed for Intel 80386 microprocessors, Linux now runs on a variety of computer architectures and is widely used.
A Brief History
Unix was the third operating system to CTSS, the first one followed by MULTICS. A team of programmers led by Prof. Fernando J. Corbato at the MIT Computation Center, wrote the CTSS, the first operating system supporting the concept of time-sharing. AT&T started working on the MULTICS operating system but had to leave the project as they were failing to meet deadlines. Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Brian Kernighan at Bell Labs, used the ideas on the MULTICS project to develop the first version of Unix.
MINIX was a Unix-like system released by Andrew Tenenbaum. The source code was made available to the users but there were restrictions on the modification and distribution of the software. On August 25, 1991, Linus Torvalds, a second year computer engineering student studying in the University of Helsinki made an announcement that he was going to write an operating system. With an intent to replace MINIX, Torvalds started writing the Linux kernel. With this announcement of Torvalds, a success story had begun! Linux was previously dependent on the MINIX user space but with the introduction of the GNU GPL, the GNU developers worked towards the integration of Linux and the GNU components.
An Introduction to the Linux Operating System
The Unix-like operating system that uses the Linux kernel is known as the Linux operating system. In 1991, Linus Torvalds came up with the Linux kernel. He started writing the Linux kernel after which, around 250 programmers contributed to the kernel code. Richard Stallman, an American software developer, who was a part of the GNU project, created the General Public License, under which Linux is distributed. The utilities and libraries of Linux come from the GNU operating system.
By the term 'free software', we mean that Linux can be copied and redistributed in the altered or unaltered form without many restrictions. Each recipient of the Linux software is entitled to obtain the human readable form of the software and a notice granting the person the permissions to modify its source code. In other words, the distribution of the Linux software implies the distribution of a free software license to its recipients. Linux supports open source development by which we mean that all its underlying source code can be freely modified, used and distributed. The open source method of development enables the users to access its source code.
A Linux distribution is a project that manages the collection of Linux software and the installation of the OS. It includes the system software and the application software in the form of packages and the initial installation and configuration details. There are around 300 different Linux distributions. The most prominent of the Linux distributions include Red Hat, Fedora and Mandrake. Fedora Core came up after the ninth version of Red Hat Linux. Fedora Core is a rapidly updated Linux distribution. Most of the Linux distributions support a diverse range of programming languages. Most of them include Perl, Python, Ruby, and other dynamic languages. Linux supports a number of Java virtual machines and development kits as also the C++ compilers.
Linux is a freely available OS based on the Linux kernel. It is an inexpensive and effective alternative to UNIX programs and utilities. Its open source implementation enables any programmer to modify its code. Linux supports a multi-tasking and multi-user environment as also the copy-on-write functionality. The monolithic Linux kernel handles the process control, networking and the file system. Device drivers are integrated in the kernel. The Linux operating system is equipped with libraries, compilers, text editors, a Unix shell, and a windowing system. Linux supports both the command line as well and the graphical user interfaces. It is popularly used in servers and also with desktop computers, supercomputers, video games and embedded systems. I have always enjoyed working on the Linux platform, have you?
History of Macintosh Computers
Macintosh is the brand name used for the personal computers developed by Apple Inc. To peek into the history of Macintosh computers, you must read this article.
Apple Inc., a famous name in the computer industry, refers to a company that develops and markets personal computers with the brand name Macintosh. Macintosh is better known as Mac. The Macintosh 128K, released on January 24, 1984, was a commercial success. It was the first personal computer which came with a mouse and a graphical user interface. With the passing years, Apple Inc. evolved and today, it is a business giant in the field of computers.
History
Jef Raskin, a human computer interface expert from America, was an Apple employee who came up with the idea of building an affordable and easy-to-use computer. In 1979, Raskin started planning for building a team that would bring his idea into reality. He soon formed a team of Bill Atkinson, a Lisa team member, Burrell Smith, a service technician and others. Soon, they started working on Raskin's idea. The first Macintosh board that their team developed had a 64 KB RAM, used a Motorola microprocessor and featured a black and white bitmap display.
By the end of 1980, Smith, one of the team members of the first Macintosh team, created a board that ran on a higher speed, featured a higher-capacity RAM and supported a wider display. Steve Jobs, impressed by this design, began to take interest in this project. His ideas have highly influenced the design of the final Macintosh. Jobs resigned from Apple in 1985.
The following years witnessed the development of desktop publishing and other applications such as Macromedia FreeHand, Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Illustrator, which helped in the expansion of the desktop publishing market. It was also during these years that the shortfalls of Mac were exposed to the users. It did not have a hard disk drive and had little memory. In 1986, Apple came up with Macintosh Plus. It supported some excellent features like the parallel SCSI interface, a megabyte of expandable RAM, and support for attachment of peripheral devices. The MacPlus was produced until 1990, making it the longest-lived Macintosh.
In 1987, Apple brought about HyperCard and MultiFinder, which endowed Macintosh with multitasking features. After Macintosh II, Macintosh SE was released. The Macintosh SE supported the Snow White language and the Apple desktop bus mouse and keyboard.
Claris, a computer software company formed as a spin-off from Apple Computer in 1987, brought the Pro series to the market. Their line of products included the MacPoint Pro, MacDraw Pro and others. By the early 1990s, Claris had become immensely popular. Claris released ClarisWorks, which later came to be known as AppleWorks.
In 1991, Macintosh came up with System 7, a 32-bit rewrite of their operating system. They soon introduced Macintosh Quadra 700 and 900, both using the Motorola 68040 processor. They also established the Apple Industrial Design Group to work on further developments in their operating system. The year 1991 witnessed the creation of the PowerBook Range by Apple. In the following year, Apple started selling their low-end Mac, Performa. In 1994, they started using the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the alliance of Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola. Their new product line was a huge success.
Apple has always had to face fierce competition from Intel and Microsoft. After the return of Steve Jobs, Apple had a 'no looking back' period. They introduced an all-in-one Macintosh and called it iMac. It was a great success. In 1999, they came up with iBook, their first laptop computer. The Mac Mini launched in 2005, is the least expensive Mac till today. Mac OS 9 evolved to Mac OS X that was based on Unix. Mac OS X came up in 2000. The MAC OS remains to be one of the most popular operating systems till date.
Macintosh is the brand name used for the personal computers developed by Apple Inc. To peek into the history of Macintosh computers, you must read this article.
Apple Inc., a famous name in the computer industry, refers to a company that develops and markets personal computers with the brand name Macintosh. Macintosh is better known as Mac. The Macintosh 128K, released on January 24, 1984, was a commercial success. It was the first personal computer which came with a mouse and a graphical user interface. With the passing years, Apple Inc. evolved and today, it is a business giant in the field of computers.
History
Jef Raskin, a human computer interface expert from America, was an Apple employee who came up with the idea of building an affordable and easy-to-use computer. In 1979, Raskin started planning for building a team that would bring his idea into reality. He soon formed a team of Bill Atkinson, a Lisa team member, Burrell Smith, a service technician and others. Soon, they started working on Raskin's idea. The first Macintosh board that their team developed had a 64 KB RAM, used a Motorola microprocessor and featured a black and white bitmap display.
By the end of 1980, Smith, one of the team members of the first Macintosh team, created a board that ran on a higher speed, featured a higher-capacity RAM and supported a wider display. Steve Jobs, impressed by this design, began to take interest in this project. His ideas have highly influenced the design of the final Macintosh. Jobs resigned from Apple in 1985.
The following years witnessed the development of desktop publishing and other applications such as Macromedia FreeHand, Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Illustrator, which helped in the expansion of the desktop publishing market. It was also during these years that the shortfalls of Mac were exposed to the users. It did not have a hard disk drive and had little memory. In 1986, Apple came up with Macintosh Plus. It supported some excellent features like the parallel SCSI interface, a megabyte of expandable RAM, and support for attachment of peripheral devices. The MacPlus was produced until 1990, making it the longest-lived Macintosh.
In 1987, Apple brought about HyperCard and MultiFinder, which endowed Macintosh with multitasking features. After Macintosh II, Macintosh SE was released. The Macintosh SE supported the Snow White language and the Apple desktop bus mouse and keyboard.
Claris, a computer software company formed as a spin-off from Apple Computer in 1987, brought the Pro series to the market. Their line of products included the MacPoint Pro, MacDraw Pro and others. By the early 1990s, Claris had become immensely popular. Claris released ClarisWorks, which later came to be known as AppleWorks.
In 1991, Macintosh came up with System 7, a 32-bit rewrite of their operating system. They soon introduced Macintosh Quadra 700 and 900, both using the Motorola 68040 processor. They also established the Apple Industrial Design Group to work on further developments in their operating system. The year 1991 witnessed the creation of the PowerBook Range by Apple. In the following year, Apple started selling their low-end Mac, Performa. In 1994, they started using the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the alliance of Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola. Their new product line was a huge success.
Apple has always had to face fierce competition from Intel and Microsoft. After the return of Steve Jobs, Apple had a 'no looking back' period. They introduced an all-in-one Macintosh and called it iMac. It was a great success. In 1999, they came up with iBook, their first laptop computer. The Mac Mini launched in 2005, is the least expensive Mac till today. Mac OS 9 evolved to Mac OS X that was based on Unix. Mac OS X came up in 2000. The MAC OS remains to be one of the most popular operating systems till date.
History and Timeline of Computers
What does the computer history hold? How did computers evolve? Know all about the important events in computer history through the full timeline of computers.
What does the computer history hold? How did computers evolve? Know all about the important events in computer history through the full timeline of computers.
Computers have evolved from the fundamental principles of
mathematical calculation and language processing. The computing systems
of today are an outcome of the efforts and intellect of mathematicians,
logicians, linguists and technologists from all over the world. Computer
history comprises the evolutionary journey of computing systems, the
timeline of operating systems as well as the history behind the
development of a wide variety of computer software and hardware.
How did the different types of computers evolve? Here is a brief overview of the progress of computing technology from calculators of the 18th century right up to the modern-day digital portable computers.
Year Technology Used
Before 1801 Calculators were the earliest computing devices. They were the only computation tools for long years before the creation of computers.
1801 The years that followed were dominated by the use of punched cards for computing. The users used to submit programming assignments to a computer center using stacks of cards. The programs used to be queued for processing and execution.
1930 - 1960 Desktop mechanical calculators were built during the 1930s. During the 1950s and the '60s, electronic desktop calculators came up. Analog computational technologies predominated this period.
1940 - 1960 This span of time witnessed the emergence of the digital computing technology. Zuse Z3, ENIAC and EDSAC were some of the early digital computers.
First-generation computers were based on the von Neumann architecture.
The second generation computers were characterized by the replacement of vacuum tube by bipolar transistors. They were composed of printed circuit boards.
After 1960 These years witnessed the development of the third generation computers. They were based on integrated circuits. Computer systems of this period had large storage capacities and high processing powers. Multi-core CPUs became available in the 21st century. Laptops, palmtops, handheld PCs, notebook computers and tablet PCs are popular today. Computer development still continues.
Let us now look at the history and timeline of computing systems. Before moving ahead, it will be interesting to know when was the first computer made!
Year Event
2400 BC Abacus, the first known calculator was invented in Babylonia. It was a major step towards the era of computing that was to follow.
500 BC Panini, an ancient Indian Sanskrit grammarian came up with the predecessor of the modern formal language theory.
300 BC Pingala invented the binary number system that serves as the foundation of computing systems the world over.
1614 John Napier designed the system of movable rods, which used algorithms to perform the basic mathematical operations.
1622 William Oughtred invented slide rules.
1822 Charles Babbage devised the first mechanical computer.
1937 John V. Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer
1939 Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype.
1941 The electromechanical Z machines by Konrad Zuse proved being an important step in the evolution of computers.
1943 Colossus, which was able to decode German messages, was designed at Bletchley Park in Britain.
1944 Harvard Mark I, a computer with lesser programmability was designed.
1945 John von Neumann described a stored program architecture, for the first time ever. This architecture was the heart of the computer systems developed thereafter. This architecture, which came to be known as the von Neumann architecture is a part of every computer till today.
1946 The Ballistics Research Laboratory of the United States came up with the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). It was the first general purpose electronic computer; but had an inflexible architecture.
1950 The US National Bureau of Standards came up with the Standards Electronic/Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC). It was the first computer using diodes for handling logic.
1951 Lynos Electronic Office (LEO), the first business computer was developed by John Simmons and T. Raymond Thompson. UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer was designed in the United States by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. EDVAC, the electronic discrete variable automatic computer was introduced.
1955 Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer. Transistors made computers energy-efficient.
1958 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed. This year also witnessed the making of the first silicon chip by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.
1968 DEC launched the first mini computer known as PDP-8
1969 The US Department of Defense founded the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). It was established with intent to develop a computer network and is the predecessor of the Internet.
1971 Microcomputers came up with microprocessors and Ted Hoff at Intel, introduced 4-bit 4004.
1972 This year witnessed the creation of 8080 microprocessors by Intel.
1973 A minicomputer that was called Xerox Alto was developed during this year. It was an important milestone in the development of personal computers.
1974 Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center came up with Alto, which was the first workstation with an inbuilt mouse. It had a fair amount of storage capacity and offered menus and icons. It could also connect to a network.
1975 Altair came up with the first portable computer. The foundation of the present-day relationship between portability and computing was laid way back in 1975! Tandem computers, the first computers with online transaction processing capacities were born during this period.
1979 By 1979, more than half a million computers were in use in the United States. This number crossed 10 million by 1983.
1981 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was founded. It was during the same year that the first 32-bit chip was introduced by Hewlett-Packard.
1982 Intel announced the 80286 processor.
1983 In this year, the Time magazine nominated personal computer for the title 'machine of the year'.
1985 Intel introduced the 80386 processor that consists of a 16MHz processor.
1990 The World Wide Web was born. Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, developed HTML. He came up with specifications such as URL and HTTP. He based the World Wide Web on enquiry-based system that used hypertext and enabled people to collaborate over a network. His first web server and browser became available to the public.
Till date The development of newer versions of computer systems continues.
An operating system is that software component of a computer system, which deals with the management of the different computer processes and the sharing of computer resources. It hosts computer applications and handles computer hardware. Take a look at the major events in the history of operating systems. Before going ahead, you might like to take a quick look at the different types of operating systems.
Year Event
1954 MIT came up with their operating system for UNIVAC 1103.
1964 Dartmouth timesharing operating system was developed.
1965 Multics was announced. However, it was opened for paying customers in October 1969.
1966 DOS/360 of IBM came up.
1969 This year witnessed the development of the Unix operating system by AT&T.
1976 CP/M was developed during this year.
1980 OS-9 came up in 1980.
1981 This year can be considered fortunate to have witnessed the development of MS-DOS. IBM had hired Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system in 1980. They used the operating system manufactured by the Seattle Computer Products as a template to develop DOS.
1984 Macintosh operating system came up in this year.
1987 It was during this year that MINIX, BSD2000 and OS/2 were developed.
1988 RISC iX, LynxOS and Macintosh OS (System 6) came up during this year.
1989 This was the time when the RISC operating system was developed.
1991 It was in 1991 that Linux came up. It is a Unix-like operating system, which is a free software. It was during this year that Minix 1.5 was developed and Macintosh came up with System 7.
1992 Solaris, the successor of Sun OS 4.X came up during this year.
1993 Plan 9, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Windows NT 3.1 came up during 1993.
1995 OpenBSD and Microsoft Windows 95 came up during 1995
1996 Windows NT 4.0 hit the computing market in 1996.
1998 1998 witnessed the release of Windows 98 as well of Solaris 7.
2000 Windows 2000, which hit the markets in 2000, was the first Windows server operating system to drop the 'NT' suffixed to its name. Windows ME, which was sold during this year, was the last operating system in the Windows 9x line. Red Hat Linux 6.2E also came up during 2000.
2001 Windows XP was launched and soon gained a wide popularity. Windows XP 64-bit edition followed in 2002.
2002 Windows XP Service Pack 1 was released in 2002.
2003 2003 witnessed the launch of the Windows 2003 Server as also the release of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3.
2004 Windows XP Service Pack 2 was released in 2004.
2006 Windows Vista hit the markets
2008 Windows Vista Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008 came up in 2008. It was also during this very year that Windows XP Service Pack 3 was released.
Computers have always been the most efficient computational devices. They have high processing powers and are able to run and execute large programs. Programming languages serve as the means to write programs on computer systems. Thus, it is important to look at the timeline of the development of some of the major programming languages. Following is an overview of the important events in the history of computer languages.
Year Programming Language Developed
Before 1950 The ENIAC coding system was primarily used in computing
1954-54 Fortran "0" was designed by a team at IBM. Fortran Implementation was developed by John Backus at IBM in 1957.
1956-58 John McCarthy came up with the concept of LISP.
1959 COBOL concept came up followed by its implementation that was developed by the Codasyl Committee in 1960. The LISP implementation was developed in 1959. LISP's successor, Common LISP, came up later in 1984.
1964 IBM came up with PL/I concept. PL/M followed years later in 1972. 1964 also saw the development of BASIC by Kemeny and Kurtz.
1969 Ken Thompson developed the B language.
1970 This was when Pascal was developed.
1972 It was during 1972 that Smalltalk and Prolog were developed. One of the most important events in the history of computing was the development of C language. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972.
1975 Scheme, the successor of LISP came up in 1975 as also Modula, the successor of Pascal.
1978 SQL was developed at IBM in 1978.
1979 REXX and AWK came up in 1979.
1980-83 C with classes was developed in 1980. Objective-C came up in 1982. 1983 witnessed the development of C++, one of the very popular languages till date.
1985 PostScript and Object Pascal belong to 1985.
1987 Perl that derives some of its features from C, as also from AWK, sed and sh evolved in 1987.
1991 Van Rossum came up with Python. Visual Basic, developed by Alan Cooper, came up in the same year.
1993 Ruby, which is considered a successor of Smalltalk and Perl, came up in 1993.
1994 PHP was born in 1994.
1995 ColdFusion belongs to 1995. It was during this year that James Gosling at Sun Microsystems came up with Java.
1996 Javascript was born in this year. ECMAScript, its successor came up in 1997.
1999 XSLT, a language based on XML by the W3C and the Game Maker Language by Mark Overmars were born in 1999.
2000 The D language and C# came up in 2000.
2006 The development of Windows PowerShell by Microsoft was one of the significant events in computing that took place in 2006.
How did the different types of computers evolve? Here is a brief overview of the progress of computing technology from calculators of the 18th century right up to the modern-day digital portable computers.
Year Technology Used
Before 1801 Calculators were the earliest computing devices. They were the only computation tools for long years before the creation of computers.
1801 The years that followed were dominated by the use of punched cards for computing. The users used to submit programming assignments to a computer center using stacks of cards. The programs used to be queued for processing and execution.
1930 - 1960 Desktop mechanical calculators were built during the 1930s. During the 1950s and the '60s, electronic desktop calculators came up. Analog computational technologies predominated this period.
1940 - 1960 This span of time witnessed the emergence of the digital computing technology. Zuse Z3, ENIAC and EDSAC were some of the early digital computers.
First-generation computers were based on the von Neumann architecture.
The second generation computers were characterized by the replacement of vacuum tube by bipolar transistors. They were composed of printed circuit boards.
After 1960 These years witnessed the development of the third generation computers. They were based on integrated circuits. Computer systems of this period had large storage capacities and high processing powers. Multi-core CPUs became available in the 21st century. Laptops, palmtops, handheld PCs, notebook computers and tablet PCs are popular today. Computer development still continues.
Let us now look at the history and timeline of computing systems. Before moving ahead, it will be interesting to know when was the first computer made!
Year Event
2400 BC Abacus, the first known calculator was invented in Babylonia. It was a major step towards the era of computing that was to follow.
500 BC Panini, an ancient Indian Sanskrit grammarian came up with the predecessor of the modern formal language theory.
300 BC Pingala invented the binary number system that serves as the foundation of computing systems the world over.
1614 John Napier designed the system of movable rods, which used algorithms to perform the basic mathematical operations.
1622 William Oughtred invented slide rules.
1822 Charles Babbage devised the first mechanical computer.
1937 John V. Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer
1939 Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype.
1941 The electromechanical Z machines by Konrad Zuse proved being an important step in the evolution of computers.
1943 Colossus, which was able to decode German messages, was designed at Bletchley Park in Britain.
1944 Harvard Mark I, a computer with lesser programmability was designed.
1945 John von Neumann described a stored program architecture, for the first time ever. This architecture was the heart of the computer systems developed thereafter. This architecture, which came to be known as the von Neumann architecture is a part of every computer till today.
1946 The Ballistics Research Laboratory of the United States came up with the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). It was the first general purpose electronic computer; but had an inflexible architecture.
1950 The US National Bureau of Standards came up with the Standards Electronic/Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC). It was the first computer using diodes for handling logic.
1951 Lynos Electronic Office (LEO), the first business computer was developed by John Simmons and T. Raymond Thompson. UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer was designed in the United States by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. EDVAC, the electronic discrete variable automatic computer was introduced.
1955 Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer. Transistors made computers energy-efficient.
1958 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed. This year also witnessed the making of the first silicon chip by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.
1968 DEC launched the first mini computer known as PDP-8
1969 The US Department of Defense founded the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). It was established with intent to develop a computer network and is the predecessor of the Internet.
1971 Microcomputers came up with microprocessors and Ted Hoff at Intel, introduced 4-bit 4004.
1972 This year witnessed the creation of 8080 microprocessors by Intel.
1973 A minicomputer that was called Xerox Alto was developed during this year. It was an important milestone in the development of personal computers.
1974 Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center came up with Alto, which was the first workstation with an inbuilt mouse. It had a fair amount of storage capacity and offered menus and icons. It could also connect to a network.
1975 Altair came up with the first portable computer. The foundation of the present-day relationship between portability and computing was laid way back in 1975! Tandem computers, the first computers with online transaction processing capacities were born during this period.
1979 By 1979, more than half a million computers were in use in the United States. This number crossed 10 million by 1983.
1981 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was founded. It was during the same year that the first 32-bit chip was introduced by Hewlett-Packard.
1982 Intel announced the 80286 processor.
1983 In this year, the Time magazine nominated personal computer for the title 'machine of the year'.
1985 Intel introduced the 80386 processor that consists of a 16MHz processor.
1990 The World Wide Web was born. Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, developed HTML. He came up with specifications such as URL and HTTP. He based the World Wide Web on enquiry-based system that used hypertext and enabled people to collaborate over a network. His first web server and browser became available to the public.
Till date The development of newer versions of computer systems continues.
An operating system is that software component of a computer system, which deals with the management of the different computer processes and the sharing of computer resources. It hosts computer applications and handles computer hardware. Take a look at the major events in the history of operating systems. Before going ahead, you might like to take a quick look at the different types of operating systems.
Year Event
1954 MIT came up with their operating system for UNIVAC 1103.
1964 Dartmouth timesharing operating system was developed.
1965 Multics was announced. However, it was opened for paying customers in October 1969.
1966 DOS/360 of IBM came up.
1969 This year witnessed the development of the Unix operating system by AT&T.
1976 CP/M was developed during this year.
1980 OS-9 came up in 1980.
1981 This year can be considered fortunate to have witnessed the development of MS-DOS. IBM had hired Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system in 1980. They used the operating system manufactured by the Seattle Computer Products as a template to develop DOS.
1984 Macintosh operating system came up in this year.
1987 It was during this year that MINIX, BSD2000 and OS/2 were developed.
1988 RISC iX, LynxOS and Macintosh OS (System 6) came up during this year.
1989 This was the time when the RISC operating system was developed.
1991 It was in 1991 that Linux came up. It is a Unix-like operating system, which is a free software. It was during this year that Minix 1.5 was developed and Macintosh came up with System 7.
1992 Solaris, the successor of Sun OS 4.X came up during this year.
1993 Plan 9, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Windows NT 3.1 came up during 1993.
1995 OpenBSD and Microsoft Windows 95 came up during 1995
1996 Windows NT 4.0 hit the computing market in 1996.
1998 1998 witnessed the release of Windows 98 as well of Solaris 7.
2000 Windows 2000, which hit the markets in 2000, was the first Windows server operating system to drop the 'NT' suffixed to its name. Windows ME, which was sold during this year, was the last operating system in the Windows 9x line. Red Hat Linux 6.2E also came up during 2000.
2001 Windows XP was launched and soon gained a wide popularity. Windows XP 64-bit edition followed in 2002.
2002 Windows XP Service Pack 1 was released in 2002.
2003 2003 witnessed the launch of the Windows 2003 Server as also the release of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3.
2004 Windows XP Service Pack 2 was released in 2004.
2006 Windows Vista hit the markets
2008 Windows Vista Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008 came up in 2008. It was also during this very year that Windows XP Service Pack 3 was released.
Computers have always been the most efficient computational devices. They have high processing powers and are able to run and execute large programs. Programming languages serve as the means to write programs on computer systems. Thus, it is important to look at the timeline of the development of some of the major programming languages. Following is an overview of the important events in the history of computer languages.
Year Programming Language Developed
Before 1950 The ENIAC coding system was primarily used in computing
1954-54 Fortran "0" was designed by a team at IBM. Fortran Implementation was developed by John Backus at IBM in 1957.
1956-58 John McCarthy came up with the concept of LISP.
1959 COBOL concept came up followed by its implementation that was developed by the Codasyl Committee in 1960. The LISP implementation was developed in 1959. LISP's successor, Common LISP, came up later in 1984.
1964 IBM came up with PL/I concept. PL/M followed years later in 1972. 1964 also saw the development of BASIC by Kemeny and Kurtz.
1969 Ken Thompson developed the B language.
1970 This was when Pascal was developed.
1972 It was during 1972 that Smalltalk and Prolog were developed. One of the most important events in the history of computing was the development of C language. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972.
1975 Scheme, the successor of LISP came up in 1975 as also Modula, the successor of Pascal.
1978 SQL was developed at IBM in 1978.
1979 REXX and AWK came up in 1979.
1980-83 C with classes was developed in 1980. Objective-C came up in 1982. 1983 witnessed the development of C++, one of the very popular languages till date.
1985 PostScript and Object Pascal belong to 1985.
1987 Perl that derives some of its features from C, as also from AWK, sed and sh evolved in 1987.
1991 Van Rossum came up with Python. Visual Basic, developed by Alan Cooper, came up in the same year.
1993 Ruby, which is considered a successor of Smalltalk and Perl, came up in 1993.
1994 PHP was born in 1994.
1995 ColdFusion belongs to 1995. It was during this year that James Gosling at Sun Microsystems came up with Java.
1996 Javascript was born in this year. ECMAScript, its successor came up in 1997.
1999 XSLT, a language based on XML by the W3C and the Game Maker Language by Mark Overmars were born in 1999.
2000 The D language and C# came up in 2000.
2006 The development of Windows PowerShell by Microsoft was one of the significant events in computing that took place in 2006.
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