A type of material composed of natural or synthetic fibers. Types
of textiles include animal-based material such as wool or silk,
plant-based material such as linen and cotton, and synthetic material
such as polyester and rayon. Textiles are often associated with the production of clothing. fabric: cloth or fabric that is woven, knitted, or otherwise manufactured. Raw material used for making fabrics: raw material that is used for making fabrics, e.g. fiber or yarn.
A
Abaca
A hemp like fiber used for cordage grown in the Philippine Islands.
Abrasion
The wearing away of fiber by rubbing away.
Absorbency
The ability of a fiber or fabric to absorb moisture.
Acetate
A manufactured fiber that uses cellulose refined from cotton and/or wood pulp. Characteristics: fast drying, wrinkle- and shrinkage-resistant, crisp or soft depending on end use, luxurious in appearance.
Acid Dye
A dye which is applied to protein fabric or fiber from an acid dye solutions. It can be used on nylon, wool and other animal protein fibers, silk, acrylic, polypropylene and blends. It is fairly colorfast to light and laundering.
Acrylic
A manufactured fiber made from long-chain synthetic polymers. Characteristics: wrinkle resistance; low moisture absorbency and quick-drying; provides warmth yet lightweight, soft and resilient.
Adjective Dye
A dye which requires the use of mordents. See natural dyes.
Akha Spindle
A lightweight, supported spindle.
Aklae
Norwegian low-warp tapestry technique. Wefts interlock between two warp ends.
Alpaca
Specialty hair fiber from the alpaca, a member of the South American llama family. It is softer, finer, more lustrous and stronger than sheep's wool, but in relatively short supply. Fibers are prized for their strength, durability and beauty. Please see McColl's Darkroom in Cyberspace for drawings showing a close-up of fiber.
Alum
Hydrated double-sulfate of alumina potassium. A commonly used mordant.
Albegal SET
Liquid dyeing assistant for Sabraset/Lanaset Dyes, used to obtain level colors.
Amercian Pima Cotton
A cross between Sea Island and Egyptian cotton. Grown in Arizona. Length averages 13/8" to 15/8".
Ammonia
An alkaline liquid used in natural dyeing.
Ammonium Sulfate
A mild acid-forming salt used with acid dyes. Used to insure levelness for light to medium shades.
Anti-chlor Concentrate
A sodium bisulfite compound used to neutralize residual chlorine when removing color with hypochlorite bleach.
Aniline Dyes
A class of synthetic, organic dyes originally obtained from aniline (coal tars),and were the first synthetic dyes. Today the term is used with reference to any synthetic organic dyes and pigments, in contrast to animal or vegetable coloring materials, and synthetic inorganic pigments. Aniline dyes are classified according to their degree of brightness or their light fastness. Also called "coal tar dyes."
Animal Fibers
Protein-based hair, fur, and cocoon materials taken from animals. Typical animal fibers include, wool, mohair, llama, alpaca, cashmere, camel and vicuna and cocoon material (silk).
Angora
Downy soft, fluffy hair that is plucked or sheared from the angora rabbits. This is a slippery, flyaway fiber is usually blended with wool or other fibers to make it easier to spin and to reduce the cost.
Angora Goat
The goat that produces "mohair"
Anthrax
A highly dangerous, infectious disease cased by Bacillus anthracis. In humans, a form of this disease is commonly called "wool sorter's disease". It may be contracted, most likely through skin abrasion from handling fleeces from infected animals. More information about this disease may be found at the HealthScout's site.
Apparel Wool
All wools that are manufactured into cloth for use as clothing.
Attenuation
In spinning, the fibers are pulled out of a distaff or from a ball of roving into a strand of the desired diameter.
Axle
This is the metal shaft through the center of wheel, supporting it. There is usually a set screw that 'locks' it in place which (sadly) can be sheared off.
B
Baby Combing WoolShort, fine wool which is usually manufactured on the French system of worsted manufacture. This term is synonymous with "French Combing Wool". Backcross
The mating of a crossbred animal to one of the parental breeds.
Bactrian Camel
The Bactrian camel is the camel that camel hair comes from.
Bags
In the United States, the commercial wool growers have their fleeces loaded into large cloth bags for shipping to the wool mills. In Australia and New Zealand, the fleeces are packed into "bales" -- which load better in the ship holds for export abroad.
Balanced
A plied yarn that doesn't twist back on itself. If you hold ~10 inches of yarn by the ends, then slowly move your hands closer together until they are ~2 inches apart, a balanced yarn will drape itself into an elongated U. An over-spun yarn will ply back on itself.
Bales
In countries where the fleece traditionally has been shipped, the fleeces are packed into bales -- which load better in the ship holds for export abroad. Depending on the country, the bales weigh different amounts. Australian and New Zealand bales weigh 150 kg (330 lb), whereas South American bales weight approximately 1,000 lb (454 kg).
Cotton also is shipped in 500-pound bales.
Basic Dyes
A class of dyes, usually synthetic, that act as bases, and which are actually aniline dyes. Their color base is not water soluble but can be made so by converting the base into a salt. The basic dyes, while possessing great tinctorial strength and brightness, are not generally light-fast.
Basket Weave
A variation of the plain weave in which two or more threads weave alike in both warp and weft, joined in the regular order of the plain weave. Named for the basket-like pattern of the weave.
Bast Fibers
Fiber obtained from the stems of certain types of plants. These include flax, hemp, jute, ramie, milkweed, and nettles.
Batik
A traditional dyeing process in which portions of cloth are coated with wax and resist the dye.
Batt or Batting
Sheets or rolls of carded cotton or wool or other fiber or mixtures thereof which is used for woolen spinning or for stuffing, padding, quilting, and felting.
Bead Yarn
A yarn upon which is fastened either an actual bead or (commercially) a lump of hardened gelatine of a bead-like form.
Belly Wool
The wool that grows on the belly of the sheep and occasionally extends up the side in irregular patches. It is usually an uneven, different grade from the body of the fleece. It is shorter and less desirable because of its poor lock formation, and it usually lacks the character of the body of the fleece.
Beetle
A large wooden mallet used to help soften cellulose fibers. Often used with linen and ramie.
Beetling
The process of striking woven linen or ramie fabric with rollers to flatten the fibers. This leaves you with a more lustrous fabric.
Belly Wool
The short, and often weaker, fiber from the sheep's belly. It should be skirted off.
Binders
The individual hairs in a sheep's fleece that run from one staple to another.
Binding Threads
Threads used to unite two or more ply into one firm (stable) structure.
Black Wool
Any wool containing non-white fibers. A fleece having only a few black fibers is rejected by a grader and goes into the black wool bag because there is no way of separating the few black fibers in the manufacturing processes. Black wool is usually run in lots that are to be dyed.
Black-top Wool
Wool containing a large amount of wool grease combined at the tip of the wool staples with dirt, usually from a Merino. This wool is usually fine in quality, of good character, and desirable in type, but the shrinkage is high.
Bleaching
The procedure, other than by only scouring, of improving the whiteness of textile materials. Sometimes accomplished with and sometimes without the removal of natural colouring or other extraneous substances.
Bleeding
A term applied to yarn from which the color runs, usually staining the white or lighter colored-items nearby.
Blend
A textile containing two or more different types fibers or different colors and grades of the same fiber.
Blocker
A frame for drying wool. A fine picture of one can be found at the CyberFiber site. This is a open frame that rests on two supports with a handle on one side. You wind the damp yarn under even tension across the frame -- not trying to line anything up. Rather like winding a bobbin for weaving. After the yarn dries, you can usually slide the whole skein off of one end. Edward Worst's book "How to Weave Linens" has directions for making a blocker. Sadly, this book is out of print.
Blocking
The process of drying a skein of wool under tension. This can be done by drying a skein on a blocker. More prosaically, it can done by winding around an upended-chair's legs or by hanging a weight in the bottom of a skein. A #2 can of tomatoes is often used as you don't get a sharp crease.
Blood or Blood Grade
This refers to the fineness of the wool, measured as low 1/4, 1/4, 3/8, and 1/2 blood. It reflects the amount of Merino blood in a breed. 'More blood' refers to a larger amount of Merino in a sheep which should produce a finer wool. Please see Wool Grades.
Blowout Factor
The rapidity with which an animal's fiber diameter thickens with age. (A bad thing.)
Bobbin
Bobbins The cylinder or spool upon which yarn or thread is wound. An option to buying lots of bobbins for your wheel is using "Storage Bobbins".
Bobbin Lead
A single band drives the bobbin. The flyer has a friction brake. A well-known example of this would be the Ashford Traditional. Another term used is "Scotch Tension".
Boculè
A compound yarn comprising a twisted core with an effect-yarn wrapped around so as to produce loops on the surface.
Body
A term applied to wool when the staple has a good "hand" (full and with bounce). It can also refer to the fullness of a fabric. This is a subjective quality and has to do with a lack of limpness and/or stiffness. A fabric is said to have a good body when it has a full, rich, and supple hand.
Boiled Wool
Thick, dense fabric that is heavily fulled to completely obscure its knitted construction.
Boiling Off
The operation of removing, by means of a hot, mildly alkaline liquid, the gum (seracin) which covers the raw silk fiber. Also called "de-gumming".
Bold
I saw one definition that said, "A term applied well-grown wool of good character." Can you have wool with a bad character, i.e., from a bad neighborhood? I suspect that this is another one of those nebulous terms that apply to the wool's "hand".
Botany Wools
Originally referred to merino wool shipped from Australia's Botany Bay. It has become a generic term used to describe superlative wools and fine worsted sweaters.
Bradford Count or Bradford System
The British standard is based on the Bradford Spinning Count System. This originated in the 19th century and is based on the number of 560-yard worsted skeins that can be produced from one pound of clean wool. The clean wool is then thoroughly oiled which aids in producing a smooth, lustrous yarn for suiting. With this system the larger number will be a finer wool. Please see wool grades.
Braid Wool
The coarsest of the U.S. grades of wool, according to the blood system of classification. It is a very coarse and lustrous wool. Please see wool grades.
Break
Weak at a certain point, but strong above and below the weak spot, as opposed to "tender", which signifies a generally weak fiber. This can be caused by a sudden change in pasture, feed, illness, or lambing. Please see McColl's Darkroom in Cyberspace for drawings showing a close-up of fiber. Please also see: "Testing the Wool".
Breaking
Also known as "scrutching". In breaking, the flax plants that have been through the "retting" process pass through rollers or are beaten with a wooden blade to help 'break' the stronger parts without damaging the longer fibers.
Breaking Length
A measure of the breaking strength of a yarn. It is the calculated length of yarn which equals its breaking load and is equal to the tensile stress at rupture of the yarn.
Breaking Load
The maximum stress needed to rupture a fiber, yarn or fabric in a tension test.
Breech or Britch Wool
Wool from the thigh and rear region of the sheep. It is the coarsest and poorest wool on the entire fleece. It is usually manure-encrusted and urine-stained fiber. It should be "skirted" and removed from a fleece for a hand spinner.
Breed Characteristics or Breed Type
Individual breeds have distinct characteristics. A Merino is very fine, shows a lot of crimp, and the fibers are very close. A Lincoln, is much coarser with low crimp.
Bright
Very white, almost reflective, wool relatively free of dirt and sand. Some breeds, like Cormo, are known for producing particularly bright fleeces.
Britch
This is the short, curly fibers found in the groin and belly area of sheep. It has a very different character from the rest of the fleece and should be skirted out. In a perfect world, spinners would never see this.
Brittle
Brittle refers to harsh, dry, 'wire-like' fiber; much like the split ends in hair.
Broadcloth
A fine, closely woven, lustrous cotton or cotton/poly blend made in plain weave with a fine rib in the weft. The filling yarn is heavier and has less twist than the warp. The cloth is usually mercerized, and has a soft, firm finish.
Brocade
Brocade is a jacquard weave with an embossed effect and contrasting surfaces. Can also be woven with synthetic or man-made fibers.
Brushed Wool
Finished yarn or material that has been brushed to raise all loose fibers to the surface, i.e., the commercially-spun mohair yarn.
Buck Fleece
A fleece from a ram. The wool usually has a heave shrinkage due to excessive wool grease; thus wool of this type is not worth as much in the grease as a similar wool from ewes or wethers. Some buck fleeces have a distinctive odor that many find objectionable.
Bulk Grade
The largest percentage of grade in a lot of original-bagged wool.
Bulky
In wheels, a term used for a wheel with a wide orifice. This allows the creation of a thicker yarn suitable for blanket wefts.
Bump
A cylinder of coiled, prepared fibers ready for spinning. This is how commercially prepared fibers are delivered. Rather like if you had access to a really big ball winder and used it to wind the top you had just hand combed.
Burry Wool
Wool heavy in vegetable matter -- including burs, leaves, seeds, and twigs, which requires special and expensive processing in removal.
Bursting Strength
The mechanical test done commercially on fibers to show how strong they are.
C
Cabled YarnTwo or more plied yarns twisted together. One or more part of a cabled yarn can be a single. So if you took two 2-ply and plied them again, you would have a cabled yarn. It is important to remember that you reverse the twist for each step. So if you spun your singles Z, the 2-ply would be spun S, and the cabled yarn would be produced by plying Z. You will need to have extra twist in the singles and the first ply to produce a "balanced yarn". Please check Mabel Ross' book "Essentials of Yarn Design for Hand spinners" for detailed directions.
A 3-2 cable refers to three 2-ply. Calendering
The process of passing fabric through a machine consisting of heavy rollers which rotate under pressure to smooth and flatten fabric, to close the intersection between the yarns, or to confer surface glaze. (Often used with cellulose fibrics like linen and cotton.)
Camel's Hair
Hair from the two-humped Bactrian camel, which is softer, lighter in weight and more fragile than wool. It provides warmth without weight, it never wrinkles and is water repellent.
Camelid
Any animal that comes from the camel family. Obviously camels, but also alpaca and llama.
Canary-stained Wool
A yellowish coloration in the wool which cannot be removed by ordinary scouring methods. May be caused by bacterial growth or urine staining.
Candle
This refers to the stiffened fat on an unwashed fleece. Not a pleasing condition for Hand spinners and often a condition when fleeces sit for years waiting to be spun.
Canvas
A general classification of strong, firm, closely woven fabrics usually made with cotton. A heavier, open weave comprised of plied yarns. Characteristics: very hard-wearing, generally water-resistant.
Carded Fibers
Fibers that have been carded which opens them up.
Carbonizing
The process of treating wool with chemicals, usually acids, to destroy and remove the burrs without seriously damaging the wool. The usual chemical used is sulphuric acid. Wool so treated is known as carbonized wool.
Carders
Also known as hand carders (as opposed to "drum carders"). Some of the carders have curved backs, some straight backs. There is some belief that the reason why modern hand cards have the curved backs is because they were modeled after museum pieces. Unfortunately, the museum pieces were warped (curved). Early plans for carders show the straight backs.
Now, having said that, let me add that if you like using curved-back cards, you should do so. I have a pair of Ashford hand cards (with curved backs) that I just love. As much hand carding as I do, this isn't a problem for me.
A more critical requirement is that your cards have offset handles. This will save wear-and-tear on your hands.
Carding
Carding is the process used to open out fleece so that it can be more evenly spun into a "woolen" yarn. The process by which the fibers are opened out into an even film. The etching, La Cardeuse (The Wool Carder), shows a woman carding with flat-backed carders. And, Celerina's site has an animation showing hand carding.
Carding Cloth
The Woolly Designs site has a close-up of Carding Cloth. The material is used on hand cards, drum carders, and carding boards. The spacing of the tines causes it to be classified as 'fine' or 'coarse'. Many manufacturers refer to their combs as 'cotton cards' or 'wool cards'.
Carding Wools
Wools that are too short to be treated by wool combing and must be processed into woolen yarns. Synonymous with "clothing wool".
Carpet Beetle
The larvae of this beetle eats wool and other protein fibers. Various articles on fiber pests can be found here.
Carpet Wool
Coarse, harsh, strong wool that is more suitable for carpets than for fabrics. Very little of this type is produced in the U.S. Some of the choicer carpet wools are used to make tweeds or other rough sport clothing. Some breeds, like Karakul, are mainly used for rugs.
Cashgora
Fiber produced by crossing cashmere goats with angora goats.
Cashmere
Soft, silky fiber combed from the cashmere goat with a diameter of 18.5 microns or less. Cashmere has excellent insulating power, providing warmth without weight or bulk. It drapes beautifully, resists wrinkles, and sheds lint. Costly because of limited supply.
Castle Wheel
The flyer is usually mounted above the wheel, which means less floor space is used. A well-known example of this is the Castle Wheel at Alden Amos' site.
Cellulose Fiber
Or cellulosic fiber. Fibers produced form the cell walls of plants, i.e., cotton, hemp, ramie.
Chaffy Wool
Wool containing a considerable amount of chaff -- finely chopped straw.
Chambray
A general class of plain weave, usually cotton, made with a colored warp and white weft.
Character
The evenness, distinctiveness, and uniformity of crimp characteristic of their respective wool classes. A well-bred wool of 'good character' will usually show a pronounced crimp and distinct staple formation.
Charka
Charka (means wheel) was developed in India by Ghandi in early 1920's so the people of India could spin cotton thread and not be dependent on foreign materials. A wonderful description of the 'Khadi' or 'Swadeshi' movement can be found in "A philosophy... handspun" by G. Janani at the Hindu.com site.
The book-size Charka is a mobile, self-contained charka. Charkas are designed for spinning fine fibers such as cotton, silk, angora, and cashmere, etc.
Charmeuse
Charmeuse is a satin weave silk with a crepe back sometimes called crepe-backed satin.
Cheeses
Cheeses refer to the spirals of pencil roving produced on the large mechanized carders. The fibers can be knit as is (the original Lopi®) or can be spun up.
China Grass
An alternative name for ramie, a bast fiber.
Citric Acid Crystals
Substitute for Acetic Acid 56%. Use 1 teaspoon to replace 1 teaspoon Acetic Acid 56%.
Class-one Wool
Merino sheep produce the best wool which is relatively short, but the fiber is strong, fine, and elastic and has good working properties. Merino fiber has the greatest amount of crimp of all wool fibers and has a maximum number of "scales": two factors which contribute to its superior warmth and spinning properties. These sheep produce class one wool.
Class-two Wool
Class-two wools are not quite as good as the Merino wool, but this variety is nevertheless a very good quality wool. It is 50-200 mm in length, has a large number of "scales", and has good working properties. This class of sheep originated in England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales.
Class-three Wool
These fibres are about 100-455 mm long, are coarser, and have fewer "scales" and less crimp than Merino and Class-two wools. As a result, they are smoother, and therefore, they have more lustre. These wools are less elastic and resilient. They are nevertheless of good quality to be used for clothing. This class of sheep originated in the United Kingdom.
Class-four Wool
These fibres are from 25-400 mm long, are coarse and hair like, have relatively few "scales" and little crimp, and therefore, more smoother and more lustrous. This wool is less desirable, with the least elasticity and strength.
Classification by Fleece
Wool shorn from young lambs differs in quality from that of older sheep. Also, fleeces differ according to whether they come from live or dead sheep, which necessitates standards for the classification of fleeces.
Clean Content
The amount of clean, scoured wool remaining after removal of all vegetable and other foreign material.
Clean Wool
Usually refers to scoured wool but occasionally it describes grease wool that has a minimum amount of vegetable matter.
Clear Finishing
Usually, worsteds are not brushed, but closely sheared to give the fabric a clean face and crisp feel. This is called clear finishing. See also "unfinished worsteds.
Clip
With angora goats, refers to the amount of hair removed from a single animal.
Clock Reel
A device for winding hanks of yarn. Some come with various kinds of counters. An image of a clock reel can be found at the Illinois State Museum site.
Clothes Moth
The larvae of this moth eats wool and other protein fibers. Various articles on fiber pests can be found here.
Clothing Wool
(Industry Term) Wool under 1.5 in. in length and distinguished from combing wools by their shorter length. Principal properties include softness, crimpiness, and felting ability; see also "carding wool".
Cloud Yarn
A term given to yarns of irregular twist obtained by alternately holding one of the component threads while the other, being delivered quickly, is twisted around it, and then reversing the position of the two threads; thus producing alternate clouds of the two colors.
Cloudy Wool
Wool that is off-color. It may be due to wool becoming wet while poorly stored in a pile.
Coarse Wool
Wool that has a Blood grade of 1/4 or Common OR a numerical count grade of 44's, 45's, or 48's, OR a micron count above 31. Coarse wool may have as few as 1 to 5 crimps per inch.
Coated Fleeces
Some wool producers coat their fleeces that cut down on the amount of vegetable matter and weathering. Some images, from Gleason's Fine Woolies, show coated sheep.
Color Fastness
The term used to describe the resistance of fabric to the loss of color. There are several things which can cause loss of color, the most important being washing and light.
Collapse Yarn
Collapse yarn is (usually) an over spun single, dried under tension (see "blocking") that is then knit or woven. When the item is moistened, the yarn returns to its original elastic state. See "balanced yarn".
Color
The actual color of the wool. In industry a bright white to cream is most desirable; canary stains, brown or black stains are undesirable.
Color Defect
Any color that is not removable in wool scouring, due to urine stain, dung stain, canary yellow stain, or black fibers.
Color Fastness
That property of a dye, to retain its original hue, when handled under normal conditions when exposed to light, heat, or other conditions.
Combed fibers
Fibers that have combed. This process removes the short fibers. When drawn off, the fiber is called "top".
Combing
An operation in the worsted system of fiber preparation that removes the short fibers (see "noil", "second cuts") and foreign impurities. The long fibers are straightened and laid parallel. See also "wool combs" and "worsted preparation".
Combing, Dry
The preparing and combing of wool to which no oil has been added.
Combing in Oil
The preparing and combing of wool to which oil has been added to facilitate the manipulation of the fibers.
Combing Wool
Wools having sufficient length and strength to comb. According to industry standards, the length of fibers for strictly fine combing must be over 2.75 in., with an increase in length as the wool becomes coarser.
Common
One of the U.S. Grades of wool. It is next to the coarsest grade, and derives its name because it presumably comes from sheep of common ancestry.
Complements
These are colors that are opposite one another on the hue circle.
Condition
In grease wool, the amount of yolk and foreign impurities it contains A fleece having a "heavy condition" would have a large amount of shrinkage.
Consistency
The uniform distribution of all the fiber characteristics within each lock and throughout the entire fleece.
Copp
This refers to the cone of fibers that builds up on a spindle.
Corduroy
A strong, durable fabric with cotton ground and vertical cut-pile stripes (wales) formed by an extra system of filling yarns. The foundation of the fabric can be either a plain or twill weave.
Core-testing
The coring of bales or bags of wool to determine the clean content (or "condition") and yield.
Core Yarn
A yarn made by winding one yarn around another to give the appearance of a yarn made solely of the outer yarn.
Cortical Cells
The spindle shaped cells forming the inside structure of a fiber.
Cotted
A fleece that contains fibers that are matted (or "felted") together.
Cotton
A cellulose fiber collected from the perennial shrub from the genus Gossypium; predominantly G. hirsutum (upland or long-staple cotton), but also some G. barbadense (Pima or extra-long-staple cotton). A vegetable fiber consisting of unicellular hairs attached to the seed of the cotton plant. Most cotton is colored a light to dark cream, and its chemical composition is almost pure cellulose. Colored cottons in shades of tan, greens, blue, and rust are also less commonly available. A distinct feature of the mature fiber is its spirality or twist. For more information on cotton, you might want to look at: "Queen Cotton" by Susan Druding from the Textile Arts Forum.
Cotton Count
The cotton count expresses the number of hanks required to make a pound of yarn. A hank of cotton is equal to 840 yards. So 1 cc = 840 yards of cotton, the coarsest cotton yarn. A 3 cc yarn would then be one third as course and would be expressed as 3/1 cc show that it is a single strand. Likewise plies are designated by two numbers separated by a slash such as 4/2 cc. This equals 3360 yards (4 x 840) of two-ply yarn. This yields 1680 yards of yarn per pound (3360/2). An 8/4 cc yarns would yield the same number of yards per pound, but would be a 4 plies of finer yarn. So a Number 8 four-ply yarn is the same diameter as a Number 4 two ply yarn.
Cotty Wool
Wool that has matted or felted on the sheep's back. Caused by insufficient wool grease being produced by the sheep, usually due to breeding, injury, or sickness. This type of defective wool is more common in the medium to coarse wools. The fibers cannot be separated without excessive breakage in manufacturing.
Count
The number given to a yarn of any material, usually indicating the number of hanks per pound of that yarn. May also refer to the fineness to which a fleece may be spun. There are at least three definitions. In raw wool, a number used to indicate fineness, see "micron count". In worsted yarn, the number of 560-yard skeins weighing one pound (Bradford method). In woolen yarn, the number of 256-yard skeins weighing one pound (Yorkshire method).
Crabbing
A term used in the textile industry. Crabbing sets the cloth and yarn twist by rotating the fabric over cylinders through a hot-water bath, or through a series of progressively hotter baths, followed by a cold-water bath. Crabbing is done to stabilize the fabric before dyeing and finishing and is necessary only for worsted fabrics.
Crank
The extension of the "axle" to the "footman".
Crease-Resistant
This refers to the ability of a fabric to resist and recover from creasing during use. Wool is considered to be very crease resistant, while cotton is not. And don't even get me started on linen!
Crepe
A general classification of fabric characterized by a broad range of crinkled or gained surface effects. Methods of making crepe include the use of hard twisted yarns, special chemical treatment, special weaves and embossing.
Crimp
The wave effect in the wool fiber. Usually the finer wools show the most crimp. Uniformity of desired crimp generally indicates superior wool.
- distinct
- refers to crimps that are sharp and clear -- fine wools have more crimps per inch
- bold
- larger crimp refers to spaces widely apart -- coarser wools have fewer crimps per inch.
The ability of a yarn or fiber to return to its original crimped state after being released from a tensile force.
Crocking
The name given to when excess dye rubs off from fibers.
Crinkle
The waviness of each individual fiber when separated from a lock. It is responsible for elasticity and is usually irregular.
Croop
Silk, especially after immersion in a weak acid, when compressed and rubbed, gives out a peculiar rustling sound, which is known as 'croop'.
Crocking
The transfer of dye stuff from one fabric to another item by friction. This usually happens when a fabric or yarn has been overdyed.
Cropping
The process of cutting the pile on a fabric to uniform height or cutting loose fibres from the surface of a cloth after weaving.
Crossbred or Cross Bred
Wool produced by crossing different breeds of sheep.
Curl Yarn
A type of yarn which presents curls or loops of various sizes all along its surface. It is usually produced as follows: Two threads, a thick and a thin are twisted together, the thin being held tightly and the thick thread slackly twisted around it. This two-fold yarn is then twisted in the reverse direction with another thin thread, this untwisting throwing up the thick thread as a loop, the two fine threads holding the loops firmly.
Cuticle
The outer layer of cells of a fiber which are hard, flattened and do not fit together evenly and whose tips point away from the fiber shaft forming serrated edges. These serrated edges cause the fibers to grip together during processing and manufacturing. See also "scales".
Crossbred Wool
A sheep bred from two distinct breeds; also a classification for wool of medium fineness. In the U.S., wool obtained from sheep of long-wool x fine-wool breeding. Usually this wool grades at 3/8 or 1/2 blood. Please see Wool Grades.
Crutched Wool
Wool that has been clipped from rear end and udder area of ewes in the early spring to prevent collection of manure and fly strike.
D
Damp WoolWool that has become damp or wet before or after bagging and may mildew. This weakens the fibers and seriously affects the spinning properties. Doubling
The process of combing by twisting together two single yarns to form a double yarn.
Doupion
A silk-breeding term used for double cocoons. It is also used to refer to the rougher quality of silk.
Dead Wool
Wool taken from the sheep that have died on the range or have been killed. Wool recovered from sheep that have been dead for some time is occasionally referred to as 'merrin'. Wool taken from sheep that have died on the range or have been killed. Dead wool fiber is decidedly inferior in grade and is used in low-quality cloth.
Decitex
A unit of weight indicating the fineness of yarns and equal to a yarn weighting one gram per each 10,000 meters. The abbreviation for this is "d'tex".
Defective Wool
Wool that contains excessive vegetable matter, such as burs, seeds, and straw, or which is kempy, cotty, tender, or otherwise faulty.
Degreasing
Any method that removes yolk, suint, and dirt from wool.
Degumming
The boiling-off of silk in silk and hot water, in order to dissolve and wash away the natural gum (seracin) which surrounds the fiber.
Delaine Wool
Fine, strictly combing wool, usually from Ohio and Pennsylvania. Delaine wool does not necessarily have to come from the Delaine-Merino; however, that breed is noted for this class of wool.
Demi-lustre Wool
Wool that has some luster but not enough to be classed as luster wool. Wool of this type is produced by the Romney and similar breeds.
Denier
A unit of weight indicating the fineness of fiber filaments and yarns, both silk and synthetic, and equal to a yarn weighting one gram per each 9000 meters; used especially in indicating the fineness of women's hosiery. The abbreviation for this is "d" or "D".
Denim
A well-known basic cotton or blended fabric in a right- or left-hand woven twill. Generally, the warp is dyed blue with a weft.
Density
An index of the number of wool fibers per unit of a sheep's body. Fine-wool breeds show greater fleece density than the coarser wool breeds.
Dingy
Wool that is dark or grayish in color and generally heavy in shrinkage. May be caused by excessive yolk, poor farming conditions, or parasites.
Direct Dyes
A class of aniline dyes, so called because they have such great affinity for cellulose fibers, i.e., cotton and linen. While both these and acid dyes are sodium salts of dye acids, direct dyes do not require the use of a mordant. Their shades are duller than those of either acid or basic dyes and they tend to have less tinctorial value than the basic dyes; however, they have the very important advantages of being much more lightfast than the basic dyes and possibly more so than acid dyes.
Direction of Twist
(S twist or Z twist) To determine twist, hold yarn in a vertical position and examine the angle of the spiral. The angle of the S twist will correspond to the center portion of the S. The angle of the Z twist will correspond to the center portion of the Z. When spinning, the wheel should rotate counter clockwise for an S twist and rotate clockwise for a Z twist.
Dirty Tips
The weathering that occurs on the ends of some locks. These may not completely wash out or evenly dye.
Distaff
A staff with a cleft or formed-end for holding flax from which the fiber is drawn in spinning. May be attached to a spinning wheel. The Monastic Heritage Museum shows a wheel-mounted distaff on a wheel from the 1800's.
Diz
The small tool that is used to help form and even top in wool combing. Traditionally a diz was made out of carved horn. You can also make (or buy) very nice ones out of wood. A cheap, none-classy alternative is to trim a piece of plastic and punch or drill a hole in the middle of it. I've seen this done with the bottom corners of a plastic milk jug or a crescent cut from a section of PVC pipe. As always, if it involves worsted spinning, please see "Hand Woolcombing and Spinning" by Peter Teal.
Dobby
A general term for a fabric woven on a special dobby loom, which allows the weaving of small, geometric figures. A dobby weave can often be distinguished from a plain weave by the patterns are beyond the range of simple looms.
Doggy
Wools that have no character and show the results of lack of breeding. These wools are usually short, coarse, and lacking in feel.
Doff
To remove, as in doffing a drum carder.
Domestic Wools
All wools grown in your own country as opposed to those imported.
Double Drive
Both the flyer and bobbin are driven by belts from the drive wheel. The bobbin pulley (or whorl) is smaller, which determines the spinning ratio. Some double drive wheels can be converted to run with Scotch Tension.
Double Coated
Some breeds of sheep (and other fleece-bearing animals) have two coats. Sometimes the double-coating refers to different colors; perhaps a dark outer/longer coat. Sometimes this refers to the length. Also referred to as "primitive".
Double Fleece
A fleece consisting of two year's growth.
Doupioni
A silk yarn reeled from two or more entangled cocoons and producing a coarse yarn Generally used in fabrics such as shantung or pongee. See "Reeled Silk".
Down Twist
This is one of the two terms that Alden Amos uses when discussing plying. This refers to an "S-Twist". Alden maintains that people get so hung up trying to remember whether an S-Twist is spun clockwise, that they lose track of process. It really doesn't matter whether your singles are spun S or Z, you just need to ply them in the opposite direction.
Down Wool
Allso called 'Hill Wool'. Wool of medium fineness produced by such breeds as the Southdown and the Shropshire. These sheep are distinguised by their fine and curly wool of short staple, which is especially adapted for making loose, rough, moss-like, felted, carded yars for the production of clothing. These wools are lofty and well suited for woolen. Much of the down wool runs 1/4 to 3/8 blood in quality. This can be a great wool for felting.
Drafting (or Drawing)
The process of blending, levelling, and drawing out the fibers from your drafting hand (usually your left) to your spinning hand (usually your right) to produce a fine sliver.
Drafting Triangle
The small triangle of fibers that are formed between your drafting hand and your fiber hand. This should never be longer than the fiber length. Also called a "drafting triangle".
Drape
The way a fabric hangs. Drape is affected by yarns, weave structure, and finish.
Drive Band
The cord that runs between the wheel and the flyer. A single-drive band is a circle and is used with the Scotch Tension wheels. A double-drive band is a figure-8 folded back on itself and loops over the flyer unit and the speed whorl.
Drafting
The process of drawing out the fibers so that twist can enter the fiber.
Drive Ratio
Ratio of wheel diameter to flyer whorl diameter (or bobbin whorl on a bobbin lead wheel). Governs how much twist you get in the yarn for each treadle.
To measure your wheel ratios, set up your wheel, tie a bright-colored piece of yarn to your flyer arm, and adjust the treadle until it is at the bottom of its movement. Slowly rotate the wheel, while counting the flyer revolutions until the treadle returns to it's original point. The bright yarn tied to the flyer arm just makes it easier to count.
Drop Spindle
A spindle that hangs freely from the fiber source (as opposed to a supported spindle). Probably so named by people who haven't added enough twist.
Drum Carder
A rotating drum, covered with carding cloth, used to card fibers. An example hand-cranked drum carder can be viewed on the Ashford site.
Dry Combing
Preparing wool for worsted spinning without any oil. Also referred to as "French combing".
Dry-Spun Flax
This is a term for spinning flax and mainly is a way of differentiating it from 'wet-spun flax'. In dry-spun flax, additional water is not added to the surface in spinning. It produces a hairier, less-attractive yarn.
Dull
A yarn or fiber surface lacking in lustre.
Dusting
The second step in commercial wool processing (after sorting). The purpose is to remove as much dirt and sand as is possible before scouring.
Dye
There are many application classes of dyes, including acid dyes, disperse dyes, reactive dyes, and natural dyes. Dyes may be generally divided into natural and synthetic types. Natural, or vegetative, dyes are obtained from berries, flowers, roots, bark and more. Synthetic dyes are chemical compounds.
Dye Activator
The recommended pure alkali powder for use with all reactive dyes on cotton and cellulose fibers. Also used to scour fabric along with Synthrapol.
Dyeability
The capacity of fibers to accept dyes.
Dye bath
The solution (usually water) containing the dyes, dyeing assistants and any other ingredients necessary for dyeing.
Dyed in the Wool
Fabrics or yarns where the fibers were dyed prior to processing.
Dyeing
The process of applying a comparatively permanent color to fiber, yarn or fabric by immersing in a bath of dye.
E
Eastern Pulled WoolWool is pulled from the skins after it has been loosened, usually be a depilatory. Pulled wool should not be confused with dead wool. Elasticity
The ability to return to its original length after being stretched or compressed. Wool has more elasticity than cotton, with finer wools stretching up to 30% of their original length.
Electric 'wheel'
A flyer on bearings driven by a small motor. Very compact, can be useful for people with limited use of legs. Very portable, can be battery powered.
End
A warp yarn.
English Combs
The multi-pitch (commonly 4-pitch) hand combs used in preparing top.
Evenness
This term refers to the uniformity of the fiber throughout the fleece.
Exhaustion
The amount of dye taken from the dye bath by the fiber, yarn or fabric being dyed. Also, the condition of the dyer at the end of the day.
F
FabricAny cloth woven or knitted from fibres. Fall Wool
Wool shorn in the fall following 5-6 months of growth. Fast Color
A dye which is stable to color destroying agents, such as sunlight, perspiration, washing, abrasion, and pressing.
Fellmongedring
The process of gathering wool from the fleeces of dead sheep.
Felt or Felting
Non-woven fabric made by layering thin sheets of carded wool fibers, then applying heat, moisture and pressure to shrink and compress the fibers into a thick matted cloth that will not ravel or fray.
Feltability
The degree to which fibers will consolidate by felting.
Felting
The matting together of fibres during processing or use.
Felting Property
The property of wool and some other fibers to interlock with each other to create felt. Felting is caused by the directional friction effect of scales on the fiber surfaces. The factors involved in felting are the fiber structure, the crimp of the fibers, the ease of deformation of the fiber and the fiber's power of recovery from deformation.
Fiber
The fundamental component used in making textile yarns and fabrics. Fibres are fine substances with a high ratio of length to thickness. They can be either natural or synthetic (man-made). Natural fibres are of animal origin (wool, mohair, etc.) or vegetable origin (cotton, linen, etc.) or mineral origin (asbestos). Synthetic fibres are produced from naturally occurring material, mainly wood pulp or cotton lint, and the most commonly used example of this form of fibre is rayon. Manmade fibres are produced directly by the polymerisation of synthetic chemicals at present obtained as by-products of the petro-chemical industry: typical examples are nylong and polyester.
Fiber Fineness
The mean fiber diameter which is usually expresses in microns.
Fiber Length
The staple length of the fiber. On combing wools, this is often 3-8 inches, on the down wools 1.5-3 inches. With cotton, it may be 1/4-1 inch long. Bast fibers, likes flax, may have a staple length of 36 inches.
Fiber Thickness
The average diameter of the fiber.
Filament
A fiber of indefinite or extreme length, some of them miles long. Silk is a natural filament, while nylon and polyester are synthetic filaments. Filament fibers are generally made into yarn without the spinning operation required of shorter fibers, such as wool and cotton. Filament yarns are smoother and more lustrous than spun yarns.
Fine Wool
The finest grade of wool -- 64's or finer, according to the numerical count grade OR wool with an 18 to 24 micron count. Also, the wool from any of the Merino breeds of sheep. Fine wools may have as many as 30 crimps per inch.
Finishing
This refers to additional steps used after the yarn is removed from the bobbin. See brushing and fulling
Flame Retardant
Any process which can improve the resistance of a fabric to burning.
Flammability
The ability of a textile to burn under specified test conditions.
Flannel
Traditionally, an all-wool fabric of plain or twill weave with a soft handle.
Flax
A slender, erect, annual plant (genus Linum having narrow, lance-shaped leaves and blue flowers, cultivated for its fiber and seeds. The fiber of this plant, manufactured into linen yarn for thread in woven fabrics.
Fleece
The wool from one sheep, either as it comes from the animal or after it is rolled into a bundle and tied.
Fleece Wools
Wools produced on farms in areas east of the Rockies, inclusive of those produced east of the Mississippi River.
Flicker
A hand tool that looks like a small hand card on a long handle. To use it, hold one end of a lock of wool in your left hand rested on your thigh and "flick" the tool up and down with your other hand catching the end of the fiber. This will open out the lock and make it easier to spin. It is recommended to wear a sturdy pair of jeans or place a leather pad on your left thigh.
Flyer
A rotating device that adds twist to the slubbing or roving and winds the stock onto a spindle or bobbin in a uniform manner.
Flyer Bearings
Holds the flyer, same material as used in wheel bearings
Folded Yarns
Another term for plied yarns.
Flyer Lead
A single band drives the flyer. The bobbin has an adjustable friction band to slow it. A well-known example of this would be the Ashford Traditional.
Follicle
The skin structure from which hair or wool fiber grows.
Footman
The vertical connection between the treadle and the crank
Formosul
Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate. It is the preferred discharge for silk and wool which requires steaming.
Frame Spinning
The manufacture of yarn by attenuating a sliver by means of rollers and then inserting twist by means of a flyer, a ring and traveller, or a cap. (A commercial term.)
Frame Wheel
The flyer is usually mounted above the wheel, which means less floor space is used. Also called a "castle wheel". A well-known example of this is Alden Amos' castle wheel.
Free Wools
Usually means wool that is free from defects, such as vegetable matter.
French Combing Wool
Wools that are intermediate in length between strictly combing and clothing. French combs can handle fine wools from 1.25:2.5 in. in length. Yarns that have been produced with the French combing method are combed dry; without oil added. (See Bradford Spinning.) The yarn is softer and loftier than the Bradford (worsted) yarn.
Fribby Wool
Wool containing an excessive amount of second cuts and/or sweat locks.
Frowzy Wool
A wasty, lifeless-appearing,dry, harsh wool, lacking in character. See "lofty".
Fugitive Colors
Dyes that fade, especially those that lose color relatively quickly when exposed to natural light.
Fulling
The operation of shrinking and felting a woolen fabric to make it thicker and denser. Also called "milling". You can also full woolen yarn to give you a lovely knitting yarn. (If you were going to weave with the same yarn, you wait until you had woven the fabric.)
Fulling Agent
A chemical, usually a surfactant, that acts as a lubricant during the process of fulling.
G
Garnetted YarnA yarn that has little bits ("garnets") of other fibers carded in. Usually the garnets are of a different color -- but they can also be from a different fiber. Gassed Yarns
Spun cellulose yarns passed over a heat source (or through a flame) to remove unwanted fibers on the surface. This gives a smoother surface but is not recommended at home. (Cellulose fibers are quite flammible.)
Gauge
A means of designating wool or mohair, primarily according to the fineness or length of fiber. There are three major ways to determine and refer to them: blood grade, Bradford count, and micron measure.
Gilling
A commercial process called "pin drafting" used to produce top fibers.
Ginning
The mechanical process that removes the cotton fibers from the seed.
Glauber's Salt
Sodium sulfate. An acid used in dyeing to help the protein fibers to take colors evenly (leveling). Used in acid dyeing.
Grade
A measurement used in knitted garments that reflects the size of the needles used to knit the garment. The larger the gauge, the smaller the needle the finer the knit.
Grading
Classification of the unopened or untied fleeces according to fineness, staple length, character, soundness, etc.
Gray Wool
Fleeces with a few dark fibers, a rather common occurrence in the medium wools produced by down or black-faced breeds.
Grease Wool
Wool in its natural condition as it comes from the sheep, either shorn or pulled. It contains a mixture of "suint" and wool fats. See also "scouring"
Great Wheel or Walking Wheel
(Usually) turned by hand, very large (e.g., 50" diameter), used for long draw on things like cotton (high twist). Instead of a flyer and bobbins, this wheel is a wheel-driven spindle. The Illinois State Museum site shows a Great Wheel.
Grist
The yards (or meters) per pound (YPP). So if you had a finished yarn that came up 890 YPP, one pound of yarn would equal 890 yards. The grist (or "count") may range from 300 yds/lb to 3,000,000 yd/lb for a single filament of silk (theoretically).
Guanaco
A protein fiber from the guanaco, a relative of the llama.
Guar Gum
An industrial gum used to thicken the burn out/devoré, paste during burn out processes. Won't break down under strong acid conditions.
Guard Hair
he long, stiff, usually coarse fiber which projects from the wooly undercoat of a mammal's pelt. Please see McColl's Darkroom in Cyberspace for drawings showing a close-up of fiber.
Gummy Wool
Scoured wool that still has some yolk in it.
Gutta
French for "resist", which forms a barrier on the fabric to create a pattern. may be water soluble, solvent soluble, or a heat fixable resin.
H
HabickAn instrument used during the Middles Ages to hold fabric under tension during its final preparation and dressing. It is roughly equivalent to the modern stenter rail. Hackles
The comb for dressing flax or hemp. Hackling
Cleaning the remaining woody particles and separation of the fibers. This is done by drawing the flax fibers through the hackles. Traditionally, there are three sets of hackles that are used to progressively process the fibers. The previous step would be 'rippling'.
Hair Fibers
Wool-like fibers from animals other than sheep, including the alpaca, llama, vicuna, cashmere goat, angora goat, angora rabbit and Bactrian camel.
Half-blood Wool
Designation of a grade classification immediately below the fine grade.
Hand or Handle
Refers to the actual feel of the wool; a good 'handle' has great resilience and softness, fineness, length, strength, and is pleasing to the touch.
Hand-washed Wool
Wool washed before it is shorn from the sheep.
Handspun
Yarns which are spun by hand using a spinning wheel or electric spinner.
Hank
A package of yarn from a reel, hopefully with the yardage and fiber content noted on a label. This may refer to a specified yardage, as in a hank of worsted yarn contains 560 yards, cotton and silk is 840 yards, and linen is 300 yards.
Hard Twist
A yarn with increased twist.
Harsh
A coarse, rough wool.
Heat Setting
The process of conferring stability upon fibres, yarns, or fabrics by means of steam or dry heat.
Heavy Wool
Wool that has considerable grease or dirt and will have a high shrinkage in scouring.
Hemp
The fiber from the plant Cannabis sativa.
Herringbone Twill
A broken twill weave composed of vertical sections which are alternately right hand and left hand in direction. The twill changes direction perfectly where the weave breaks, balancing the overall pattern of the fabric.
Hogget Wool
Hogget wool comes from sheep twelve to fourteen months old that have not been previously shorn. The fibre is fine, soft resilient, and mature, and has tapered ends. Hogget wool is a very desirable grade of wool and, because of its strength, is used primarily for the warp yarns of fabrics.
Hook
The device used to pull the lead through the wheel's orifice.
Homespun
In theory, this refers to rough, coarse, tweed-like fabric made with thick, uneven yarns and a plain weave. Obviously, not defined by a person who spends much time with good handspinners.
Hue
The pure spectrum colors commonly referred to by the "color names" - red, orange, yellow, blue, green violet.
Hungry Fine
A term used to describe a fine wool caused by poor nourishment as opposed to careful breeding. Please see McColl's Darkroom in Cyberspace for drawings showing a close-up of fiber.
J
Jacquard MechanismA mechanism, named after Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834), which gives individual control of several hundred warp threads or knitting needles, enabling large figures designs to be produced.
I
InchwormA perjorative term used to describe tense spinners who "inch" their way through their fibers; often too close to the wheel oriface. Relax. This is supposed to be fun. Identification Test
Any procedure for determining kinds of fibers, yarn construction, fabric construction, or finish and coloring of textiles. Physical, chemical, microscopic and other methods may be used.
Impurity
Any undesirable extraneous material present in a fleece or textile product.
Indigo
A blue dye from a variety of plants in the Indigofera famiy. Commonly used as a vat dye on both cellulose and protein fibers.
J
JuteA vegetable bast fiber often used for basketry and course weavings.
K
KapokA vegetable seed fiber from the Kapok tree. Kemp
A white, straight, opaque, coarse, non-felting, in-elastic fiber having a thick central medulla with hollow inter spaces. It will not take a dye; hence, its presence in wool is most objectionable. Often found around the head and legs.
Keratin
A protein substance which is the chief component of wool fiber.
Knop
A "bunch" of fibers appearing along the length of yarn, giving a spot effect.
L
Lamb's WoolWool shorn from lambs, usually when they are less than 7-8 months old. It is soft and has spinning qualities superior to fleeces of similar quality produced on older sheep. Please see McColl's Darkroom in Cyberspace for drawings showing a close-up of fiber. Lanolin
Purified wool grease, chiefly a mixture of cholesterol esters. It is used in salves, cosmetic, grease paints, and ointments.
Lazy Kate
The device used to support full bobbins while plying. A fairly traditional design, involves two vertical posts that support the bobbins. Rather like a free-standing ladder. And example of this can be found on the LeClerc site. Another form, favored by Schacht, has the bobbins supported horizontally with the addition of a breaking cord to control the backspin. Now, Alden Amos favors a vertical support with the addition of leather washers to help slow down the backspin. At this time, there is no image available.
Lea
A form of measuring linen yarns in 300-yard increments and weighing one pound. A 4-lea skein would also weigh one pound but would be 1200 yards long.
Leader
This is the length of yarn attached to the center core of a bobbin or shank of a spindle to aid in starting your yarn.
Leas Ties
Also known as lees ties and lease ties. This is such an interesting term that pops in and out of textiles. I asked a longtime weaver which was correct. She said it wasn't so much correct but where you learned to weave. The fact that a term used in measuring linen yarns is "lea" makes me think leas ties came from that direction. So what are they? They are the short threads tied around hanks of yarn to help keep them from tangling while being washed, dyed, and stored. They are also the short threads tied around a warp to allow you carry it from the warping board/mill to the loom. They serve the same process of keeping the threads in order. They are tied by running a thread at right angles to the warp/hank and interweaving through and coming back at opposite angles. Kind of a series of sideways figure 8's.
Level
A dye term referring to even color.
Line Fleece
A fleece of wool midway between two grades in quality and length, which can be thrown into either grade.
Line Flax
Line fax is the long flax fiber that has been drawn off of the hackles. The finest preparation is often used for wet-spun linen, but line can also be dry spun.
Linen
Linen is the term used for fabric made from flax. Linen is generally favored for its fine, strong, cool-wearing properties. It is commonly cursed for it's wrinkling. In knitwear, linen is combined with other natural or synthetic fibers for improved strength and resiliency.
Llama
Llamas are a member of the camelid family fiber originally from South America. Please see McColl's Darkroom in Cyberspace for drawings showing a close-up of fiber.
Lock
A tuft or group of wool fibers that cling naturally together in the fleece.
Lofty Wool
Wool that is open, springy, and bulky in comparison to its weight. This type of wool is desirable.
Loom
A machine for producing cloth by the interlacing of two sets of threads substantially at right angles to each other.
Long Draw
This is a woolen-spinning technique. I'd encourage you to see Mablel Ross' spinning video.
Long Wool
Wool from such breeds as the Lincoln, Leicester, and Cotswold. It is large in diameter and up to 12:15 in. in length.
Low Wool
Wool of low 1/4 blood or lower in quality. Same as "coarse wool".
Lowland Wool
These breeds are characterized by producing wool that is generally coarser, and only wavy or quite straight, and of longer staple (over 4 inches). These wools are especially suited for the production of combed yarns, which are worked up into worsted fabrics.
Lustre
The natural gloss or sheen characteristic of the fleeces of long-wool breeds. Fibers with a lot of lustre is often referred to as "A HREF="#bright">bright".
Lye
Sodium hydroxide. Strong alkali used with vat dyes such as Indigo. Always add Lye to cold water!
M
MadderThe roots of Rubia tinctorum used in vegetative (natural) dyeing to get a red. Kind of a reddish brown.
Maiden
The name for the posts that support the flyer on a spinning wheel. Maiden and the base that supports them is called the mother-of-all.
Man-Made Fiber
A man-made fiber, e.g., viscose, rayon. Also known as "manufactured fiber".
Market Class
The grouping of animals according to the use to which they will be put, such as slaughter or feeder.
Marl Yarn
A yarn consisting of two or more single ends of different colors plyed together.
Matted Wool
See "Cotted".
Mawata
Silk coccons that have been simmered and opened onto a wooden frame.
Mercerisation
A treatment of cotton yarns or fabrics with caustic alkali, in which the fibers are swollen and stretched to increase the lustre in the finished product.
Mean Fiber Diameter
The average diameter (thickness) of a group of fibers from an animal.
Medium Wools
Usually 1/4, 3/8, and 1/2 blood wools, OR wools grading 50's to 62's, OR wools with an 24 to 31 micron count.
Medulla
The hollow, rounded cells which are found along the center of the main axis of a fiber. They may run continuously along the length of the fiber.
Medullated Fibers
Fibers having more meduIIa (center cell area); such fibers are coarse and uneven in diameter, harsh, low in elasticity. See also "kemp".
Mercerizing
Treatment used to increase luster and improve strength and dye affinity in cotton. The treatment consists of impregnating the fabric with cold concentrated sodium solution. Invented by John Mercer.
Micron
A micron is 1/25,400 of an inch. The most accurate way of determining wool grades. You might want to refer to the article "Understanding Micron Reports" by Angus McColl at the Yocum-McColl site.
Milling
The operation of shrinking and felting a woolen fabric to make it thicker and denser. Also call "fulling".
Miner's Head
An accelerating head used on walking (or great) wheels.
Mohair
Long, lustrous, silky white hair of the angora goat is stronger and more resilient than wool. It dyes more easily than any other specialty hair fiber and often comes in brilliant colors. It is blended with wool to add sheen and fluffiness to the wool or used alone to make soft, fuzzy sweaters, lofty novelty coatings and smooth worsted suitings with a somewhat wiry hand. Please see McColl's Darkroom in Cyberspace for drawings showing a close-up of fiber.
Moity Wool
Wool that contains straw or other, non-seed-or-burr vegetable matter.
Mordant
A material used to fix a dye in or on a substance, by combining with a dye to form an insoluble compound. Commonly used mordants are chrome, iron, aluminum, and tin.
Mother-of-all
The whole stand that supports the maidens, bobbin, and flyer.
Mungo
Wool fibers recovered from old and new hard worsteds and woolens of firm structure. The fibers are less than .5 in. in length, and owing to their reduced spinning and felting qualities, they are largely used in cheaper woolen blends. Mungo fibers are usually shorter than shoddy fibers.
Mushy Wool
Wool that is lacking in character, dry, and wasty in manufacturing.
N
NapSoft, fuzzy surface produced on a fabric by brushing it to raise the fiber. Npping
The process of raising fibres from the base structure of a fabric or felt. Natural Dye
Dye obtained from substances such as roots, bark, wood, berries, lichens, insects, shellfish and flowers.
Natural Fiber
Fiber obtained from animal, vegetable or mineral sources, as opposed to those regenerated or synthesized from chemicals. Please see Synthetic Fiber and Regenterated Fiber.
Navajo Ply
Basically a hand-crocheted loop used to create a thee-ply yarn.
Neps
Small knots of tangled fiber, usually consisting of short, dead or immature fiber, or caused by over-processing.
Nettle Fibers
The nettle class of fibers comprise of Common Nettle (Urtica dioica), China Grass (Urtica nivea), and Ramie (or rhea).
Niddy-Noddy
A traditional, low-tech way to wind a skein and measure yarn. This image of the elusive niddy-noddy shows a very good quality, homemade one. For the less crafty, or to dry damp skeins, consider making one out of 3/4 or 1" pvc.
Noble Comb
Used commercially in producing worsted yarn.
Noils
The short fibers that are removed from the fiber in the combing or top-making process. Wool noil is satisfactory for the manufacture of felts and woolens. Silk noil is sportier in appearance and created by short fibers, often from the innermost part of the cocoon.
Nostepenne
This deceptively simple-looking item is used to create a center-pull ball. Hatchtown Farms gives clear directions on how to use one.
Novelty Yarns
Yarns with an unusual character. Rather like marketing types referring to software bugs as "features", many spinners call distinctive yarns "novelty yarns". (The bias of the editor is showing.)
Numerical Count System
A wool grading system. It divides all wools into 14 grades, and each grade is designated by a number.
Nylon
The generic term for man-made fibers composed of polyamides derived from coal and petroleum. Characteristics: high strength, elasticity, low water absorption and quick-drying.
O
Off-sortsThe by-products of sorting -- shorts; britch wool, kemp, gray wool, stained wool, etc. Open Wool
Wool that is not dense on the sheep and shows a distinct part down the ridge or middle of the back. Usually found in the coarser wool breeds.
Opening
The second step in commercial wool processing (after sorting). The purpose is to open up the fleece in order that scouring will be more effective. Done with "dusting".
Orifice
Hole in end of flyer, directing the yarn to the bobbin, may also be a hook or pig's tail.
Overspun
See "Collapse".
P
Package DyeingPackage dyeing occurs after the wool has been spun into yarn. Peasant Combs
Single-pitch and 2-pitch hand combs used to produce a semi-worsted fiber preparation.
Pelt
A sheep skin with the wool attached.
Pick
In weavig, a weft yarn. In spinning, the process of opening out the fiber to help in the cleaning and processing. This process (picking) allows a lot of vegetable matter to drop out of fleece.
Picker
A mechanical device used to open fleece before carding. The swing picker looks, for all the world, out of something from an Edgar Allen Poe horror story. Not recommended for the faint-of-heart, children, or those who don't pay attention.
Piece Dyeing
Piece dyeing occurs after the cloth has been woven or knit, but only solid colors are possible
Pelt
The skin from a slaughtered sheep before the wool on it has been pulled or processed into a sheepskin.
Pencil Locked
A fleece with narrow staples or lock formation: indicates an open fleece that has less density and probably more vegetable matter. This type of lock formation is genetic and is passed on to offspring.
Picker
This is a rather terrifying tool used to help open out washed fleece prior to carding. Basically it is a crescent-shaped swing that rocks in a cradle. Between the base of the picker and the bottom of the swing, there are a series of nails that catch the fiber and open it out. This tool accomplishes much the same process as hand-picking your fiber -- but much faster. As with any machinery, use with extreme caution.
Picking
The process of opening fiber and/or removing foreign matter.
Pilling
The small collection of engtangled fibers on a fabric surface.
Pin-drafting
A system of drafting in which the fibers are oriented relative to one another in the sliver and are controlled by rolls of pins between the drafting rolls. It is primarily used for long fibers in the semi-worsted and worsted spinning systems.
Pina
The vegetable leaf fiber from the pineapple plant.
Pieces
The skirtings and other less-desirable pieces of wool removed from the fleece. (Australian term)
Pilling
The tendency of some yarns to form little balls of short, tangled fibers on the surface. This tendency can be reduced (or removed) by removing the short fibers (combing) or by adding additional twist.
Plain Wool
Wool lacking character with few crimps.
Plant Fiber
A fiber generated from a plant, e.g., cotton, flax.
Plied Yarns
Yarns produced by two or more singles have been twisted together.
Ply
A single unit of yarn. A 2-ply yarn would involve taking two singles and then plying them in the opposite direction they were originally spun. See "S-twist" and "Z-twist".
Plying
The process of taking multiple singles and twisting them back against themselves.
Polishing
Usually done on commercial sewing thread,the process involves burnishing the plied yarn.
Polyester
A manufactured fiber made from long-chain synthetic polymers. Characteristics: crease-resistance, quick-drying, great shape retention, high strength, abrasion resistance and easy care.
Pot Ash
Potassium Carbonate. A replacement for dye activator or soda ash.
Primaries
The three basic "hues". Ah, but which primary. The Painters Primaries include red, blue, and yellow. This is the palatte we learned in school. The Printers Primaries include magenta, cyan, and yellow. This is the palatte used for color printing. The Light Primaries include red, blue, and green. This is the palatte used on your computer screen.
Primitive
A fleece with both long and short fibers. See "double coated".
Production Sequence
Shearing, sorting, opening, cleaning, carding, drawing, possibly combing, possibly roving, twisting or spinning.
Protein Fiber
A fiber composed of protein, including such naturally occurring animal fibers as wool, silk, alpaca, llama and other hair and fur fibers.
Pulled Wool
Wool pulled from skins of slaughtered sheep. The wool is pulled from the skins after treatment of the fleshy side of skins with a depilatory. Pulled wool should not be confused with "dead wool".
Puni
A puni is a tighter-than-normal rolag traditionally used with cotton. Kind of. Check the Urban Spinner site for their directions on creating a puni.
Purebred
An animal of pure breeding, registered or eligible for registration in the heard book of the breed to which it belongs.
Purity
Refers to the absence of dark fibers, kemp or hair.
Q
QiviutDown undercoat fiber from the musk ox. Quality
Refers to the degree of fineness.
Quarter-blood Wool
One of the grades in the standards for wool.
R
RafiaA vegetable fiber produced from the rafia palm. Ramie
The bast fiber produced from the Asian urticaceous shrub Boehmeria nivea or Boehmeria tenacissima. Used to also be called 'rhea' or 'China grass'. The fiber is white, soft, lustrous and slightly coarser than flax (linen) when degummed and bleached. Ramie fabrics are strong, smooth and durable.
Range Wool
Wool produced under range conditions in the West or the Southwest. With the exception of Texas and California wools, it is usually classified as territory wool.
Raw Silk
Continuous silk containing no twist that has been drawn off of cocoons. The fibers are often un-degummed.
Raw Wool
Wool in the grease, as shorn from the sheep. Same as "grease wool".
Rayon
A generic term for man-made fibers composed of regenerated cellulose derived from trees, cotton and woody plants. Characteristics: high absorbency, bright or dull luster, pleasant feel or hand, good draping qualities, ability to be dyed in brilliant colors and superior strength.
Reclaimed Wool
Wool that is reclaimed from new or old fabrics.
Reeled Silk
A long strand made of silk reeled from a number of cocoons and not twisted or spun. See "Doupioni".
Regenerated Fiber
These are fibers created by modified natural fibers. The cellulose regenerated fibers include rayon and acetate. The protein-regenerated vegetable fibers include soybean (soylon), peanut (ardil), and corn (vicara). The protein-regenerated animal fibers include casein (aralac), gelatin, and albumin.
Rejects
Off-grades thrown to one side by the wool grader; fleeces with excessive black fibers, kemp, dead fibers, vegetable matter, etc.
Reprocessed Wool
Scraps and clips of woven and felted fabrics made of previously used wool. These remnants are garnetted; that is, shredded back into a fibrous state and used in the manufacture of woolens.
Resilience
The power of recovery to original shape and size after removal of the strain which caused the deformation. A fiber may possess this quality to spring back to its original state after being crushed or wrinkled. Resilience is sometimes referred to as memory.
Retayne
A cationic dye fixing agent. Used on cotton fabrics to improve wet fastness of direct dyes and to color paper pulp. Is helpful as an after treatment for reactive dyes where washing facilities are not adequate for complete washout, though tends to lower light fastness qualities.
Retting
This is the process in flax production that weakens the fibers in the flax plant. Several retting methods are used:
- Dew or Grass Retting. Small bundles of the uprooted flax plants are left outdoors for 3-5 weeks.
- Pond Retting. Small bundles are left submerged for 4-8 days. Many books refer to an unpleasant stench as a side effect of this process.
- Stream Retting. Small bundles are anchored in a body of moving water. This is the quickest and the cleanest of the processes.
These are cleaned and shredded into fibers again, and then blended to make utility fabrics. See also "shoddy".
Reworked Wool
Wool that has been previously used. Also called "shoddy" and "mungo".
Rippler
The coarse comb used for removing seeds from flax fiber. The next step would be 'hackling'. The preceeding step would be "scrutching".
Rippling
The process in flax production that removes the seed pods. The tool used is a 'rippler'. After this step of flax fiber preparation, the fibers are 'retted'.
Robust Wool
Wool possessing a strong hand and bulky nature.
Rolag
The cigar-shapped roll of carded fiber, losely rolled off of the hand cards, used as the fiber source when spinning woolen yarn.
Rooed
The process where fleece is plucked off of Shetland sheep during the spring. This works with Shetland fleece as the sheep produce a weak spot earlier in the season. Sometimes called rooing.
Roving
The soft strand of carded fiber that has been twisted, attenuated, and freed of foreign matter preparatory to spinning.
Run-out Fleece
A fleece that varies greatly in quality, lacks character, and carries a large percentage of britch wool and possibly kemp.
S
S-TwistSpinning clockwise. Traditionally, this is the direction "singles" are spun. If your singles have been spun S-twist, you would ply Z-twist, and then cable S-twist. Saxony Wheel
Three-legged 'standard wheel' featuring a side-by-side arrangement with the flyer to the left of the drive wheel.
Scales
Cuticle cells form a scale-like formation on the surface of the fiber, resembling shingles on a roof. These scales on the surface of the fiber open from base to tip, causing an interlocking or felting action when fibers are randomly mixed during processing. Please see McColl's Darkroom in Cyberspace for drawings showing a close-up of fiber.
Scotch Tension
A single band drives the flyer. The bobbin has an adjustable friction band to slow it. When tension on the yarn is released, the bobbin rotations is stopped by the break band and the flyer winds the yarn onto the bobbin. Because this only involves one simple adjustment, many 'beginner' wheels use Scotch Tension. A well-known example of this would be the Ashford Traditional.
Scouring
The process of washing or cleansing wool of grease, soil, and suint in a water/soap/alkali solution. When scouring is done commercially, a normal fleece goes through at least three washings. During the scouring process, a fleece may loose up to 50% of its original weight.
Scroop
The rustleing sound produced when some silk is compressed.
Scrutching
This is a mechanical operation which, by breaking and beating the retted flax straw, separates the textile fibres in the stem of the plant from the woody matter and the bark. The next step would be 'hackling'.
Sea Island Cotton
Finest of all cotton, very white and silk-like with staple of 1.5" or better. Before the American Civil War, this type of cotton was raised on the islands of the Carolinas and Georgia. No longer raised in the United States today, it is raised in Mexico and Central America and goes into fine, expensive dress goods and men's shirtings.
Second Cuts
Fribs, or short lengths of wool resulting from cutting wool fibers twice in careless shearing. An excessive number of second cuts decreases the average fiber length, and depreciates spinning quality. See "Noils".
Seedy Wool
Wool containing numerous seeds or an appreciable amount of vegetable matter.
Selvedge
The narrow edge of woven fabric that runs parallel to the warp. It is often made with stronger yarns, or in a tighter spacing, to prevent raveling. A fast selvedge encloses all of the picks. a selvedge is not considered fast when the filling threads are cut at the fabric edge after every pick.
Semi-bright Wool
Grease wool that lacks brightness due to the environment under which it is produced, though it is white after scouring.
Semi-worsted Yarn
Yarn spun from sliver carded (not combed) and pin-drafted on worsted spinning system machines.
Sericin
Or silk gum. The gummy material holding the silk filaments together.
Serrations
The outer or epidermal scaly edges on the wool fiber which can be seen under a microscope. Usually the finer the wool the greater the number of serrations. Serrations assist in felting by interlocking.
Sett
A term used to define the weft or warp density of a woven fabric, usually in terms of a number of threads per inch.
Setting the Twist
After you have plyed your wool, you need to set the twist. There are several approaches to this. One school of thought says that you wash your yarn and then dry it under tension. This approach is fairly popular with weavers. Another approach says that you wash your yarn and don't dry it under tension. This approach is more popular with knitters. Yet another approach, promoted by Judith MacKenzie, says, really shock your wool and let it do what it's going to do. This is done by washing in alternating hot and cold baths. A more detailed description is written up by Marie-Christine Mahe in "Yarn Abuse".
Shafty Wool
Wool of extra good length, sound, and well grown.
Shearing
The process of removing the fleece of wool from the sheep by means of hand shears or machine clippers.
Sheepskin
The wool still on the pelt or skin.
Shifu
Thread made from paper is an old Japanese tradition and has been used historically in clothing.
Shoddy
Wool fibers recovered from either new or used woven or felted cloth and which must be designated as reprocessed or reused. Wool fibers included in this classification usually run .5 in. or more in length. Of longer fibre length than mungo fibers.
Shorts
Short pieces or locks of fiber that are dropped out while fibers are being sorted.
Shrinkage
The loss of weight in wool resulting from the removal of the yolk and other foreign matter in scouring or carbonization.
Silk
The product of the silkworm. The cocoon thread is of indefinite length but exceedingly fine and lustrous. Continuous protein filament produced by the larvae of various insects, especially the caterpillar when constructing its cocoon. The chief portion of commercial silk is produced in Japan and China. Characteristics: resiliency, aesthetics, elasticity and strength, warm in winter, cool in summer. See Reeled Silk and Doupioni.
Singles
The individual unit of yarn. Referring to a "single ply" this is almost guaranteed to make experienced spinners cringe.
Sirospun
Two-ply Sirospun yarns are made by spinning and twisting two strands together in a single operation. They are more elastic, less hairy and more compact than conventional two-ply yarns.
Sisal
A vegetable fiber that is made into strong, coarse twine. It is used for binder twine, but should not be used to tie fleeces.
Size
Any of various gelatinous or glutinous preparations made form glue, starch, etc., used for coating the threads.
Sizing
The act or processing of applying "size".
Skein
A length of yarn taken from the reel. See "hank".
Skeining
The processing of winding a skein of yarn.
Skein Winder
A traditional, low-tech way to wind a skein and measure yarn. The Le Clerc site has an image of a skein winder. See "niddy-noddy".
Skirting
The practice of removing from the edges of the whole fleece at shearing time of all stained and inferior parts. See "belly wool", "britch", and "tags".
Skirtings
The inferior quality wool that has been removed from the fleece.
Sliver
The strand of loose, roughly parallel, untwisted fibers produced in carding. See "roving", "top".
Slub Yarns
A yarn which is made with slubs or lumps -- possibly of various materials or colors -- at various distances apart, according to the type of yarn desired. (This is being done on purpose, and consistently, as opposed to when you first start spinning. It's not fair to call your first yarn produced a 'slub yarn'. rb)
Snapping
A method of testing the individual locks of raw wool. This is done by holding the two ends of a lock of wool and pulling your hands quickly apart. There should be a audible snapping sound -- but no damage to the lock.
This is also done, on a very different scale, with a just-washed skein of yarn. For this situation, put your arms through a skein and 'pop' the skein. This will even out most kinks in the skein.
Snarls
Small, curly or 'kinked' places in yarns.
Soda Ash
Sodium Carbonate. Use as an alkali fixative for reactive dyes.
Sodium Acetate or Sodium Acetate Crystals
An acid-forming salt that acts as a leveling agent for Sabraset/Lanaset dyes.
Sodium Bicarbonate
Bicarbonate of soda or baking soda. A weak alkali used to set reactive dyes by steaming or ironing.
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium acid sulfate. Colorless to white crystals that form a very strong acid when dissolved in water. Use with the Kiton acid dyes or to burn out cellulose from cotton and cotton blend fabrics. It is corrosive to skin and eyes in solution.
Sorting
The process of separating a fleece into its various qualities according to diameter, length, color, strength, and other factors.
Sound Wool or Soundness
Wool that has a strong staple. Wool buyers or graders test the soundness of the wool by holding a staple at either end and snapping their fingers across the middle of it.
Space-Dyed
A yarn or fiber that has been dyed at irregular intervals.
Spindle
According to the dictionary, "A rounded rod, usually of wood, tapering toward each end, used in handspinning to twist into thread the fibers drawn from the mass on the distaff, and on which the thread is wound as it is spun.
Spindle Spun
A yarn produced on a hand spindle.
Spinner's Type
A fleece that is strong, regular, of good color and character, and nearly free of vegetation and dirt.
Spinning
The process of making yarn by drawing out, twisting, and winding fibrous substances into yarn or thread.
Spinning Count
The fineness of which a yarn may be spun. The number of hanks of 560 yds. each in length to 1 pound of top. Thus, 1 lb. of fine top that will spin 64 hanks is called 64's.
Spinning Jenny
An early spinning machine having more than one spindle, enabling a person to spin a number of yarns simulatenously.
Spinning Wheel
A device used for spinning fiber into yarn or thread, consisting essentially of a single spindle drive by a large wheel (see "Great Wheel") or a flyer unit driven by a treadle.
Spinster
A spinner whose occupation is spinning. Updated to be politically correct.
Sponging
Sponging removes residual shrinkage, or removal of any distortion in the size of the fabric caused by tension applied during production. The fabric is dampened with steam or water and allowed to dry in a relaxed state. Residual shrinkage (also called relaxation shrinkage) is different than the shrinkage caused by felting, and sponged fabrics are not necessarily shrinkproof.
Spring Wool
The 6:7 months of wool produced by sheep shorn in the spring following fall shearing.
Spun Silk
A yarn composed of fibers of silk which have not been reeled from the cocoon, but have produced by piercing the cocoon, and then shredding it into lengths of 3 to 15 inches, often from tussah cocoons. See "Doupioni", "reeled silk".
Squirrel-cage Swift
This swift has two rotating cylinders mounted on a vertical post. The cylinders can be shifted to adjust for different-sized skeins. An example of this can be seen on the Museum of the Welsh Woollen Industry page. Look in the lower right-hand corner of the image.
Staple Length
The fiber length from a sample of fibers. A Wensleydale sheep has a standard staple length of about 12 inches. A Dorset has a staple length 2.5 and 4 inches.
Stained Wool
Wool that has become discolored by urine, dung, or whatever, which will not scour out white. Badly stained pieces should be removed at shearing before the fleeces are packed. See "skirting".
Staple
A cluster or group of wool fibers naturally clinging together in the fleece.
Staple Length
The length of sheared locks obtained by measuring the natural staple without stretching or disturbing the crimp. The fiber regrowth or regeneration from one shearing to the next.
Stock Dyeing
"Dyed-in-the-wool" is another term for stock dyeing because the fiber is still in the form of loose fleece. Most stock-dyed wool is made into woolen yarns. Worsted wool is never dyed until after it is combed and dyeing at this stage is called top dyeing. Both methods produce the highest penetration of dye and the highest quality of colored yarns. Wool dyed this way is also used to make speckled yarns of mixed colors and subtle heathers.
Storage Bobbins
Bobbins used to store the yarn for subsequent plying. Depending on your school of thought, using a storage bobbin allows you more evenly wind on (then when you were spinning). This means that the plying process should also be more even.
Strength
This refers to the how much weight the fibers can bear. Some fibers, like flax, actually get stronger when wet.
Stretching
This is when the fibers are pulled taut while spinning.
Strick
The bundle of prepared (hackled) flax fibers.
Stubble Shearing
The practice of shearing or cutting a portion of the wool at varying lengths, from sheep used for show purposes. See "second cuts".
Suint
Generally referred to as the perspiration of sheep and is naturally excreted from the glands at the roots of the wool. Suint consists of soapy compunds of potash and fatty acids, together with a little free fatty acid and saline matter. It is soluble in water. This is one part of what is called the grease on an unwashed fleece.
Superfine Wool
Superfine wool-from about 15 to 18 microns-is in a class by itself, comparable to fine cashmere, and is used to make fabrics of the highest quality. Superfine wool comes from strains of Merino sheep that have been developed to produce especially fine fibers. Sharlea.
Swift
A swift has an expanding core that can be adjusted to fit various skeins. This allows spinners to help keep the hank of yarn in some kind of order while unwinding it. I know of two main kinds of swifts: the umbrella and squirrel cage. The Le Clerc site has an image of a umbrella swift.
Style
The combination of crimp and crinkle ranging from good crimp and good crinkle to no crimp and no crinkle.
Synthetic Dye
A complex colorant derived from coal tar.
Synthetic Fiber
Synthetic fibers are organic compounds of high molecular weight and are formed by polymerization. In her book "The Textile Arts" Birrell suggests classifying them by how they are formed. Synthetic fibers formed by condensation reactions include polyamides (nylon) and ployesters (dacron). Synthetic fibers formed by addition reactions include vinyls, acrylic-vinyl, acrylic-nitril, and urethane.
Synthrapol
A concentrated liquid wetting agent and surfactant compatible with all dye classifications.
T
Table (bench)Chunk of wood with legs attached to bottom, and everything else attached to top. Tags
Broken or dung-covered wool and other wastes that are swept from the floor of shearing areas.
Tagging
The practice of cutting the dung locks off sheep. Usually this operation is done immediately prior to shearing, and it may be done prior to lambing.
Tag Locks
Large locks of britch wool clotted with dung and dirt.
Tahkli
A small, metal-whorl supported spindle.
Tear
Percentage of tops to noils. A 4:1 tear would refer to wool that had 20% waste.
Tease
To open and disentangle fibres prior to carding.
Teasel
A plant with a large prickly head (Dipsacus fullonum) used for raising or fulling fabric. The Trowbridge Museum has an excellent article showing teasels being used.
Tencel
A new fiber created from the wood pulp of specially selected trees, processed in a non-chemical, environmentally-safe way. Tencel was introduced to the world of apparel in 1992 and is the first new fibre introduction in over thirty years. The characteristics of the fiber are a subtle luster, high-wash stability, extremely low shrinkage, and good tear resistance.
Tender
Wool that is weak at one or more places along its length. See also "break". Please see McColl's Darkroom in Cyberspace for drawings showing a close-up of fiber.
Tentering
Tentering is used to straighten the fabric and dry it. The fabric is stretched taut while steaming or drying and held in place with clips or pins, called tenterhooks. (Giving rise to that slang expression of suspense, "on tenterhooks.")
Territory Wool
A designation originally given to wools originating in regions west of the Missouri River. Now applies to western range wools, not including Texas and California.
Tensile Strength
The amount of pulling a fiber can withstand before it stretches and breaks.
Tex
A unit of weight indicating the fineness of yarns and equal to a yarn weighting one gram per each 1000 meters.
Texture
The surface effect of cloth or fiber as dull, lustrous, wooly, stiff, soft, fine, coarse, open or closely woven. Also known as "hand" or "feel".
Thigh-spun
A yarn produced by aboriginal people. [*rb: fix: find images]
Thiox
Thiourea Dioxide. A safe replacement for sodium hydrosulfite in vat dyeing, discharge printing, and general color stripping on cellulose and protein fibers. Good shelf life if stored in a dry location. Five times stronger than sodium hydrosulfite.
Tippy Wool
Staples which are encrusted with wool grease and dirt at the weather end.
Top
A continuous untwisted strand of wool fibers of predetermined length from which the short fibers (noil) have been removed in the combing process. Usually produced by carding, gilling and combing wool or fibres of similar length.
Total Fleece Weight
The weight of the entire raw fleece.
Tow Linen
These are the shorter, less desirable flax fibers separated from bast line fibers in hackling. Tow linen is usually carded and spun into a woolen-style yarn. A wonderful use for tow linen is to knit bath mitts -- a situation where you want all of the rough, scratch nature of this yarn.
TPI
Twists Per Inch (or Turns Per Inch).
Tow
The shorter flax fibers removed by hackling.
Thread
A fine cord of fibrous material spun out to considerable length, especially when composed of two or more plys twisted together.
Tracking
[*rb: fix]
Treadle
flat bit under foot
True-to-Type Wool
A fleece showing strong breed-specific characteristics.
Tussah Silk
The wild silk of India and China where the silk worms are fed oak leaves. This causes a goldish color.
Tweed
A fabric made from woollen-spun yarn in a variety of colour and weave effects.
Twill
A fabric woven by alternatively passing weft threads over one or more and under two or more warp threads to produce diagonal lines or ribs.
Twist
In spinning, this refers to the turns inserted into a yarn to bind its fibers together and thereby add more strength. It is usually indicated as turns per inch or tpi Greater twist would be caused by additional revolutions of the flyer on a set amount of fiber.
Twitt
A term applied to yarn which is irregular, that is thick and thin, the thin places being below the count required and thick places above. The defect is caused by material being drafted at an irregular rate.
Tying
Traditionally, after a fleece is short, it is rolled into a bundle and tied off with a paper cord (so that it could be removed during the carbonization process). I believe that the paper cords are no longer being made.
Type
A wool class sharing set characteristics. These are based on: breed, condition, length, spinning quality, soundness, style, and color.
U
Umbrella SwiftA swift that opens up with a mechanism rather like an umbrella's. The School Products site shows an example. Unevenness
With wool, this refers to a fleece that varies in type over the body.
Unfinished Worsteds
A woven fabric made from worsted yarn that has then been brushed. This produces a firm fabric with a tight weave hidden beneath a soft nap.
Unwashed Wool
Wool in its original condition as it comes from a sheep. See also "Grease".
Up Twist
Using the same direction as the preceeding spinning. So if you spun your singles "S" and then plyed them "S" you would have used up twist. You would also have a yarn that could be used in collapse fabrics.
Upright Wheel (also traveller or parlour)
Flyer mounted above the wheel, making the wheel more portable. Will usually fit on a car passenger seat with the seat belt holding it.
Urea
A synthetic nitrogen compound used with all classes of dyes. It also increases the solubility of the dyes.
V
ValueThe relative lightness or darkness of a color. Vegetable Matter
Any kind of bur, seed, chaff, grass, or other vegetable matter found in your fiber source. Also referred to as "VM".
Veiled Wool
The wool where the staple lengths have become disorganized and intermixed with each other.
Vicuna
The most coveted of all specialty hair fibers, from the smallest and wildest member of the llama family. This costly, luxurious fiber is finer than merino wool, with a rich, beautiful color that ranges from golden chestnut to cinammon. Each animal yields only a few ounces. The very limited supply of vicuna is controlled by the peruvian government. An image of a vicuna can be found at this site from the Blue Planet Biomes site.
Virgin Wool
Wool that has been clipped from a live sheep and that has not been previously processed to the stage where it contains twist. Noil is merely separated from long fibers in combing and is considered virgin wool.
W
WarpThe yarns that run the length of the loom. The warp yarns are pulled through the loom as the weft or filling yarns are woven across the warp to make the fabric. Warping Board or Frame
A rectangular frame with strong pegs insered into its sides used to wind a warp.
Warping Reel
A rotating frame that can be mounted horizontally or vertically. It's used to wind a warp and help keep the threads in order.
Washability
Relatively new techniques have been developed to improve wool's washability by making the fiber more resistant to felting and shrinkage. One process takes place before the yarn is spun. The loose fleece or combed top is chlorinated to remove the tips of the "scales" and then coated with an extremely fine resin. The resin masks the fiber's scales and keeps them from interlocking, which is the cause of felting and shrinkage.
Washed Wool
Wool washed in cold water while on the sheep's back before shearing (industrial term).
Wastage
In weaving, this refers to the part of the warp that cannot be used, often about 24-36 inches of the total warp. In spinning, this refers to the loss between the weight of fiber acquired and the weight of fiber that can be used. In spinning, the amount of dirt, tag ends, and unusable fiber are all part of the wastage.
Wasty Wool
Wool that is short, weak, and tangled, which often carries a high percentage of dirt or sand.
Web Beam
Another term for the cloth beam.
Webby Wool
A thin fleece with poor staple formation and a large number of cross fibers.
Weft
The set of threads which crosses the warp at right angles. Depending on the use, there may be more than one weft used: ground weft, pattern weft, ...)
Weft-Face Fabrics
Any fabric in which the warp is completely covered with weft.
Weighting
A process by which the weight of a fabric is increased by impregnating it with mineral salts, starch, or other materials. This process was often used on yardage that was sold by the pound (e.g. silk).
Wether
A male sheep or goat castrated before sexual maturity. Because it's (the operative phrase) isn't caught up breeding, all of it's nutrition goes into the fiber thus producing a better quality fiber. Fleeces from wethers can't be entered into most wool shows but are worth watching for.
Wet-Spun Flax
The process of spinning line flax where the fibers are smoothed by moistening them as they are spun. Traditionally, spinners licked their fingers and drank a lot of beer. More prosaically, you can get little wooden buckets to hold the water and can hang by a leather thong from the wheel. Or even a bowl of water. You should coat the inside part of the bobbin (where the fibers wind around) with paraffin or some other sealant if you don't want to damage your bobbin.
Wether Wool
Any fleece clipped after the first shearing is called wether wool. This wool is usually taken from sheep older than fourteen months, and these fleece contains much soil and dust.
Wheel
An image of a wheel from the Carr House Museum in Canada.
Wheel Bearings
The leather, brass, or plastic part of the wheel that holds the "Axle".
Whorl
Small round grooved bits, on flyer or bobbin to take drive band. The term is also with weaving for the pulley in a draw loom.
Wickability
The ability to draw moisture through the fiber.
Winding
This spinning term refers to winding the finished yarn onto a bobbin and secured to prevent unraveling.
Windle
A reel or swift.
Wiry Wool
Wool that is in-elastic and has poor spinning capacity. It is usually straight and may be the result of poor breeding.
Woad
A glue dye produced from Isatis tinctoria. Not as strong as Indigo.
Woof
An old term for weft.
Wool
The fine, soft, curly hair that forms the fleece of sheep and certain other animals, characterized by minute, overlapping surface "scales" which give it its felting property. Characteristics: strong and resilient, soft and warm, wicks away moisture and dyes well for rich coloration.
Wool Clip
The total yield of wool short during one season from the sheep of a particular region.
Wool Classer
The person who sorts the "Wool Clip" into the appropriate "Grades".
Wool Combs
A variety of combs used to produce fibers for worsted spinning. The single-pitch and 2-pitch combs are what I call the peasant combs and are great for producing semi-worsted yarns. English combs are the multi-pitch combs (4- to 5-pitch) used to prepare a true worsted prep. (Obviously written by a Peter Teal fan. rb)
Wool-Dyed
A term applied to yarns where the fibers were dyed prior to spinning; either in the loose fibers or as top or roving. See also "Yarn-Dyed".
Wool in the Grease
Wool in its natural condition as it is shorn from the sheep.
Wool Roller
The person in a shearing shed who skirts the fleece, then rolls it. The fleece is then classed.
Woolen
Yarns made from shorter fibers of 1 to 3 inches, which stick out in all directions, giving the yarn its characteristic fuzziness. They are often singles yarns, and are thicker and more loosely twisted than worsted yarns. The outer layer of each yarn has a typical fuzzy appearance. The split web is known as a slubbing.
Fabrics made from woolen yarns are warm and fuzzy, such as flannels, tweeds and sweaters.
Woolen Count
The woolen count is based on 1,600 yards of yarn per pound. With woolen yarns, this is called a "run", so a "2 run" would refer to a 3200 yards
Woolen Spinning System
In this system, fiber is carded two or three times but not combed and goes directly from cards to the spinning process. Generally wool used for this system are shorter, have more crimp and better felting qualities. With this system it is possible to use wools of different types, lengths and character together in blends.
Worsted
Worsted refers to two different processes which are combined to produce a smooth, clean yarn. Originally it referred to a woolen yarn manufactured in Worstead, Norfolk, England. It now refers to yarn (and fabric) made of long fibers, combed, and tightly twisted in spinning. Fabrics made from worsted yarns are smooth and cool to wear.
Fiber Preparation: Yarns spun from wool where the wool fibers are markedly 'parallelized' as distinct from woolen yarns in which anything but a parallel position is noticeable. In commercial yarns, almost without exception, worsted yarns are combed yarns. One of my reference texts states: "...but it is quite conceivable that wool fibres might be so parallelized by careful drawing and spinning that practically a yarn of worsted characteristics might be produced without combing." ["Analysis of Woven Fabrics" by A.F. Barker & E. Midgley] For me, the important word is 'practically'. Traditionally, worsted yarns were from fibers 3+ inches in length, but this is no longer true as now many shorter wools are also worsted spun. Spinning: The spinning process where the twist is not allowed into the drafting triangle. They are usually plied yarns, and are finer and more tightly twisted than woolen yarns.
Worsted Count
The worsted count also expresses the number of hanks required to make a pound of yarn. A hank of worsted wool is equal to 560 yards. So 1 wc = 560 yards of cotton, the coarsest worsted yarn. Worsted sizes are expressed the reverse of cotton sizes. A two-ply number 6 worsted yarn would be expressed as 2/6 wc and would yield 1680 yards per pound. You can covert worsted count to cotton count by multiplying the cc by 1.5, or wc = cc x 1.5. See "Bradford Count".
Worsted Spinning System
A system of yarn production designed for medium or longer wools, and other fibers. The suitable fiber lengths vary from 2.5 to 7 inches. The process includes, opening, blending, cleaning, carding, followed by combing, drawing and spinning. These yarns are compact, smooth and more even and stronger than similar yarns spun using the woolen system.
Woven-as-Drawn-In
Used often with weaving overshot patterns. This is the order of treadling that will give the finished fabric a squared pattern with a diagonal line running through it.
Wuzzing
A way of removing excess moisture by centrifugal fource. Hold onto the end of the skein firmly and spin it around like a heliocopter blade.
X
Y
YardageAny fabric made and sold by the yard. Yarn
A continuous strand of textile fibers that may be composed of endless filaments or shorter fibers twisted or otherwise held together. It may be made up oof vegetable (linen, hemp, jute, sisal, ramie,cotton), animal (wool, mohair, silk), or artificial fibers (gold, silver and other metals rayons, nylon, Orlon). Yarns are utilized in making fabric. Yarn is charachterized by its composition, its thickness (or grist or count), number of strands (or plies), direction and degree of twist, and the color.
Yarn Beam
The same as a "Warp Beam".
Yarn-Dyed
A term applied to yarns dyed after spinning. See also "Wool-Dyed".
Yearling
A sheep or goat that is 12-18 months of age.
Yellowing
A white fleece can yellow for a variety of reasons. Yellow stains can be caused by urine or feces, and by bacteria or fungus. Alkali and light can also cause yellowing in wool.
Most stains cannot be removed by washing. Bleaching will probably damage the fleece.
Yield
The amount of scoured wool obtained from a definite amount of grease wool. The amount of usable fiber after the processes of washing, drying, and removing guard hairs. A 'high yield' fleece would have a low percentage of grease.
Yolk
The natural grease and suint covering on the wool fibers of the unscoured fleece, and excreted from glands in the sheep's skin. Usually the finer the wool, the more abundant the yolk. Yolk serves to prevent entanglement of the wool fibers and damage during growth of the fleece.
Z
Z-TwistSpinning counterclockwise. Traditionally, the direction "plied" yarns are spun.
TEXTILE MEASUREMENT:
14 Oct
The fabric measurements basics
Fabric is usually measured by the yard.How much is a yard of fabric? Your quick conversion is:
This means that when you buy a yard of fabric you’re getting 1 yard x the width of the fabric (usually measured in inches).
The most common widths of fabrics are 36″, 45″, 54″, 60″, 72″, and 118″.
Be sure you know what the usuable widths are as some fabrics have borders. Usable widths are usually 1-2 inches less than the full width, though in some cases the entire width is usable.
You can also estimate a yard of fabric by holding one end of the fabric to your chin while fully extending your other arm which should hold the other end of the fabric.
How much fabric do you need for uplholstery?
It’s always better to be on the safe side when purchasing fabric for upholstery. If you don’t buy enough fabric, you can’t cover your furniture. If you buy too much, then at least you can use the excess fabric for pillows or something creative.Generally speaking, you need:
- 1-1 1/2 yards to cover the cushion of a chair
- 6-8 yards for a small to medium sized sofa
- Up to 13 yards for a large sofa
- Throw pillows usually don’t need more than a yard each and often less
The following seems to be a very popular chart I’ve seen at many retail shops, though I’ve never tested its accuracy.
How much fabric do you need for drapery & window treatments?
Measuring for drapery can be a lot more complicated since there are many styles and customizations that can be applied.For simple curtains though, all you need to know are the dimensions of the window you want to cover and how much you want to gather or bunch the drapes.
The number of panels (cut pieces of fabric) that you need depend on the width of the window and the width of the fabric. If for example, your window is 50 inches wide, then you would want to buy fabric that is 75 – 100 inches wide or you can sew narrower fabric together as panels to achieve the width. This way you will have enough fabric to gather or bunch the drapes.
How to measure how much fabric you needs if your window that’s 50 inches wide x 40 inches long:
- If you choose 54 inch wide fabric (a very common width):
- 2 panels of fabric sewn together will give you drapes that are 108 inches wide and gather nicely
- Each panel will need to be 50 inches long (about 1.5 yards) to cover the length of the window + 10 inches for hemming
- The total amount of fabric you’ll need is 3 yards (1.5 yards/panel)
Simple Curtains that gather nicely photo: Posh Living LLC
How to measure fabric for clothing
Measuring for clothing isn’t simple either since we all come in various shapes and sizes.Generally speaking, it takes about 1.5 yards of fabric for a skirt or blouse, 3-6 yards for a 2 piece suit, and about 4-6 yards for a dress.
Other Stuff
Handbags take about 1/2 yard of fabric
Duvets need between 5-10 yards depending on the size of the bed, bed pillows need 1-1.5 yards.
Scarves need very little yardage, as 1 yard can make a few scarves.
Car interiors can take up to 15 yards.
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING
Textile manufacturing is a major industry. It is based on the conversion of three types of fiber into yarn, then fabric, then textiles. These are then fabricated into clothes or other artefacts. Cotton remains the most important natural fibre, so is treated in depth. There are many variable processes available at the spinning and fabric-forming stages coupled with the complexities of the finishing and colouration processes to the production of a wide ranges of products. There remains a large industry that uses hand techniques to achieve the same results.
 |
|||||||||||||||
| Bale Breaker | Blowing Room | ||||||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
|||||||||||||
| Willowing |  |
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
| Breaker Scutcher | Batting | ||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
| Finishing Scutcher | Lapping | ||||||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
|||||||||||||
| Carding | Carding Room | ||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Silver Lap | |
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
| Combing | |
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Drawing | |||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||
| Slubbing | |||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||
| Intermediate | |||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||
| Roving | |
Fine Roving | |||||||||||||
|
|
 |
|||||||||||||
| Mule Spinning | - | Ring Spinning | Spinning | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
 |
|
|
|||||||||||
|
Reeling |  |
Doubling | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Winding | Bundling | Bleaching | |||||||||||||
|
|
 |
|
||||||||||||
| Weaving shed |  |
Winding | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Beaming | |
Cabling | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Warping | |
Gassing | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Sizing/Slashing/Dressing | |
Spooling | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
| Weaving | |
|
|||||||||||||
 |
 |
|
|||||||||||||
| Cloth | Yarn (Cheese)- - Bundle | Sewing Thread |
PROCESSING OF COTTON:
Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries.
There are six stages
- Cultivating and Harvesting
- Preparatory Processes
- Spinning
- Weaving or Knitting
- Finishing
- Marketing
Cultivating and harvesting
Cotton is grown anywhere with long, hot dry summers with plenty of sunshine and low humidity. Indian cotton, gossypium arboreum, is finer but the staple is only suitable for hand processing. American cotton, gossypium hirsutum, produces the longer staple needed for machine production. Planting is from September to mid November and the crop is harvested between March and June. The cotton bolls are harvested by stripper harvesters and spindle pickers, that remove the entire boll from the plant. The cotton boll is the seed pod of the cotton plant, attached to each of the thousands of seeds are fibres about 2.5 cm long.- Ginning
-
- The seed cotton goes in to a Cotton gin. The cotton gin separates seeds and removes the "trash" (dirt, stems and leaves) from the fibre. In a saw gin, circular saws grab the fibre and pull it through a grating that is too narrow for the seeds to pass. A roller gin is used with longer staple cotton. Here a leather roller captures the cotton. A knife blade, set close to the roller, detaches the seeds by drawing them through teeth in circular saws and revolving brushes which clean them awa
- The ginned cotton fibre, known as lint, is then compressed into bales which are about 1.5 m tall and weigh almost 220 kg. Only 33% of the crop is usable lint. Commercial cotton is priced by quality, and that broadly relates to the average length of the staple, and the variety of the plant. Longer staple cotton (2½ in to 1¼ in) is called Egyptian, medium staple (1¼ in to ¾ in) is called American upland and short staple (less than ¾ in) is called Indian.
- The cotton seed is pressed into a cooking oil. The husks and meal are processed into animal feed, and the stems into paper.
Preparatory processes - preparation of yarn
- Ginning, bale-making and transportation is done in the country of origin.
- Opening and cleaning
-
- Cotton mills get the cotton shipped to them in large, 500 pound bales. When the cotton comes out of a bale, it is all packed together and still contains vegetable matter. The bale is broken open using a machine with large spikes. It is called an Opener. In order to fluff up the cotton and remove the vegetable matter, the cotton is sent through a picker, or similar machines. The cotton is fed into a machine known as a picker, and gets beaten with a beater bar in order to loosen it up. It is fed through various rollers, which serve to remove the vegetable matter. The cotton, aided by fans, then collects on a screen and gets fed through more rollers till it emerges as a continuous soft fleecy sheet, known as a lap.
- Blending,
-
- Mixing & Scutching
- Carding
Main article: Carding
- Carding: the fibres are separated and then assembled into a loose strand (sliver or tow) at the conclusion of this stage.
- The cotton comes off of the picking machine in laps, and is then taken to carding machines. The carders line up the fibres nicely to make them easier to spin. The carding machine consists mainly of one big roller with smaller ones surrounding it. All of the rollers are covered in small teeth, and as the cotton progresses further on the teeth get finer (i.e. closer together). The cotton leaves the carding machine in the form of a sliver; a large rope of fibres.
- Note: In a wider sense Carding can refer to these four processes: Willowing- loosening the fibres; Lapping- removing the dust to create a flat sheet or lap of cotton; Carding- combing the tangled lap into a thick rope of 1/2 in in diameter, a sliver; and Drawing- where a drawing frame combines 4 slivers into one- repeated for increased quality.
- Drawing the fibres are straightened
-
- Several slivers are combined. Each sliver will have thin and thick spots, and by combining several slivers together a more consistent size can be reached. Since combining several slivers produces a very thick rope of cotton fibres, directly after being combined the slivers are separated into rovings. These rovings (or slubbings) are then what are used in the spinning process.
- Generally speaking, for machine processing, a roving is about the width of a pencil.
- Drawing frame: Draws the strand out
- Slubbing Frame: adds twist, and winds onto bobbins
- Intermediate Frames: are used to repeat the slubbing process to produce a finer yarn.
- Roving frames: reduces to a finer thread, gives more twist, makes more regular and even in thickness, and winds onto a smaller tube.
Spinning - yarn manufacture
Main article: Cotton-spinning machinery
- Spinning
-
- Most spinning today is done using Break or Open-end spinning, this is a technique where the staples are blown by air into a rotating drum, where they attach themselves to the tail of formed yarn that is continually being drawn out of the chamber. Other methods of break spinning use needles and electrostatic forces. This method has replace the older methods of ring and mule spinning. It is also is easily adapted for artificial fibres.
- The spinning machines takes the roving, thins it and twists it, creating yarn which it winds onto a bobbin.
- In mule spinning the roving is pulled off a bobbin and fed through some rollers, which are feeding at several different speeds. This thins the roving at a consistent rate. If the roving was not a consistent size, then this step could cause a break in the yarn, or could jam the machine. The yarn is twisted through the spinning of the bobbin as the carriage moves out, and is rolled onto a cylinder called a spindle, which then produces a cone-shaped bundle of fibres known as a "cop", as the carriage returns. Mule spinning produces a finer thread than the less skilled ring spinning
-
- The mule was an intermittent process, as the frame advanced and returned a distance of 5ft.It was the descendant of 1779 Crompton device. It produces a softer less twisted thread that was favoured for fines and for weft.
- The ring was a descendant of the Arkwright water Frame 1769. It was a continuous process, the yarn was coarser, had a greater twist and was stronger so was suited to be warp. Ring spinning is slow due to the distance the thread must pass around the ring, other methods have been introduced.
- Sewing thread, was made of several threads twisted together, or doubled.
- Checking
-
- This is the process where each of the bobbins is rewound to give a tighter bobbin.
- Folding and twisting
- Gassing
Main articles: Singe § Textiles and Gassing (textile process)
-
- Gassing is the process of passing yarn, as distinct from fabric very rapidly through a series of Bunsen gas flames in a gassing frame, in order to burn off the projecting fibres and make the thread round and smooth and also brighter. Only the better qualities of yarn are gassed, such as that used for voiles, poplins, venetians, gabardines, many Egyptian qualities, etc. There is a loss of weight in gassing, which varies' about 5 to 8 per cent., so that if a 2/60's yarn is required 2/56's would be used. The gassed yarn is darker in shade afterwards, but should not be scorched.
-
Mule spinning -
Mule spinning -
Ring spinning -
Ring spinning
Measurements
Main article: Units of textile measurement
- Cotton Counts: The number of pieces of thread, 840 yards long needed to make up 1 lb weight. 10 count cotton means that 10x840 yd weighs 1 lb. This is coarser than 40 count cotton where 40x840 yards are needed. In the United Kingdom, Counts to 40s are coarse (Oldham Counts), 40 to 80s are medium counts and above 80 is a fine count. In the United States ones to 20s are coarse counts.
- Hank: A length of 7 leas or 840 yards
- Thread: A length of 54 in (the circumference of a warp beam)
- Bundle: Usually 10 lb
- Lea: A length of 80 threads or 120 yards
- Denier: this is an alternative method. It is defined as a number that is equivalent to the weight in grams of 9000m of a single yarn. 15 denier is finer than 30 denier.
- Tex: is the weight in grams of 1 km of yarn.
Weaving-fabric manufacture
The weaving process uses a loom. The lengthway threads are known as the warp, and the cross way threads are known as the weft. The warp which must be strong needs to be presented to loom on a warp beam. The weft passes across the loom in a shuttle, that carries the yarn on a pirn. These pirns are automatically changed by the loom. Thus, the yarn needs to be wrapped onto a beam, and onto pirns before weaving can commence.- Winding
-
- After being spun and plied, the cotton thread is taken to a warping room where the winding machine takes the required length of yarn and winds it onto warpers bobbins
- Warping or beaming
-
- Racks of bobbins are set up to hold the thread while it is rolled onto the warp bar of a loom. Because the thread is fine, often three of these would be combined to get the desired thread count.[citation needed]
- Sizing
-
- Slasher sizing machine needed for strengthening the warp by adding starch to reduce breakage of the yarns.
- Drawing in, Looming
-
- The process of drawing each end of the warp separately through the dents of the reed and the eyes of the healds, in the order indicated by the draft.
- Pirning (Processing the weft)
-
- Pirn winding frame was used to transfer the weft from cheeses of yarn onto the pirns that would fit into the shuttle
- Weaving
Main article: Power loom
-
- At this point, the thread is woven. Depending on the era, one person could manage anywhere from 3 to 100 machines. In the mid nineteenth century, four was the standard number. A skilled weaver in 1925 would run 6 Lancashire Looms. As time progressed new mechanisms were added that stopped the loom any time something went wrong. The mechanisms checked for such things as a broken warp thread, broken weft thread, the shuttle going straight across, and if the shuttle was empty. Forty of these Northrop Looms or automatic looms could be operated by one skilled worker
-
-
- The three primary movements of a loom are shedding, picking, and beating-up.
- Shedding: The operation of dividing the warp into two lines, so that the shuttle can pass between these lines. There are two general kinds of sheds-"open" and "closed." Open Shed-The warp threads are moved when the pattern requires it-from one line to the other. Closed Shed-The warp threads are all placed level in one line after each pick.
- Picking:The operation of projecting the shuttle from side to side of the loom through the division in the warp threads. This is done by the overpick or underpick motions. The overpick is suitable for quick-running looms, whereas the underpick is best for heavy or slow looms.
- Beating-up: The third primary movement of the loom when making cloth, and is the action of the reed as it drives each pick of weft to the fell of the cloth.
- The Lancashire Loom was the first semi-automatic loom. Jacquard looms and Dobby looms are looms that have sophisticated methods of shedding. They may be separate looms, or mechanisms added to a plain loom. A Northrop Loom was fully automatic and was mass produced between 1909 and the mid-1960s. Modern looms run faster and do not use a shuttle: there are air jet looms, water jet looms and rapier looms.
- The three primary movements of a loom are shedding, picking, and beating-up.
-
Measurements
- Ends and Picks: Picks refer to the weft, ends refer to the warp. The coarseness of the cloth can be expressed as the number of picks and ends per quarter inch square, or per inch square. Ends is always written first. For example: Heavy domestics are made from coarse yarns, such as 10's to 14's warp and weft, and about 48 ends and 52 picks.
Associated job titles
- Piecer
- Scavenger
- Weaver
- Tackler
- Draw boy
- Pirner
Issues
When a hand loom was located in the home, children helped with the weaving process from an early age. Piecing needs dexterity, and a child can be as productive as an adult. When weaving moves from the home to the mill, children are often allowed to help their older sisters, and laws have to be made to prevent child labour becoming established.Knitting- fabric manufacture
Warp knits do not stretch as much as a weft knit, and it is run-resistant. A weft knit is not run-resistant, but stretches more. This is especially true if spools of spandex are processed from separate spool containers and interwoven through the cylinder with cotton yarn, giving the finished product more flexibility and making it less prone to having a 'baggy' appearance. The average t-shirt is a weft knit.
Finishing- processing of textiles
The woven cotton fabric in its loom-state, not only contains impurities, including warp size, but requires further treatment in order to develop its full textile potential. Furthermore, it may receive considerable added value by applying one or more finishing processes.- Desizing
-
- Depending on the size that has been used, the cloth may be steeped in a dilute acid and then rinsed, or enzymes may be used to break down the size.
- Scouring
-
- Scouring, is a chemical washing process carried out on cotton fabric to remove natural wax and non-fibrous impurities (e.g. the remains of seed fragments) from the fibres and any added soiling or dirt. Scouring is usually carried in iron vessels called kiers. The fabric is boiled in an alkali, which forms a soap with free fatty acids (saponification). A kier is usually enclosed, so the solution of sodium hydroxide can be boiled under pressure, excluding oxygen which would degrade the cellulose in the fibre. If the appropriate reagents are used, scouring will also remove size from the fabric although desizing often precedes scouring and is considered to be a separate process known as fabric preparation. Preparation and scouring are prerequisites to most of the other finishing processes. At this stage even the most naturally white cotton fibres are yellowish, and bleaching, the next process, is required.
- Bleaching
Main article: Textile bleaching
-
- Bleaching improves whiteness by removing natural coloration and remaining trace impurities from the cotton; the degree of bleaching necessary is determined by the required whiteness and absorbency. Cotton being a vegetable fibre will be bleached using an oxidizing agent, such as dilute sodium hypochlorite or dilute hydrogen peroxide. If the fabric is to be dyed a deep shade, then lower levels of bleaching are acceptable, for example. However, for white bed sheetings and medical applications, the highest levels of whiteness and absorbency are essential.
- Mercerising
Main article: Mercerized cotton
-
- A further possibility is mercerizing during which the fabric is treated with caustic soda solution to cause swelling of the fibres. This results in improved lustre, strength and dye affinity. Cotton is mercerized under tension, and all alkali must be washed out before the tension is released or shrinkage will take place. Mercerizing can take place directly on grey cloth, or after bleaching.
-
- Many other chemical treatments may be applied to cotton fabrics to produce low flammability, crease resist and other special effects but four important non-chemical finishing treatments are:
- Singeing
Main article: Singe § Textiles
-
- Singeing is designed to burn off the surface fibres from the fabric to produce smoothness. The fabric passes over brushes to raise the fibres, then passes over a plate heated by gas flames.
- Raising
-
- Another finishing process is raising. During raising, the fabric surface is treated with sharp teeth to lift the surface fibres, thereby imparting hairiness, softness and warmth, as in flannelette.
- Calendering
Main article: Calender
-
- Calendering is the third important mechanical process, in which the fabric is passed between heated rollers to generate smooth, polished or embossed effects depending on roller surface properties and relative speeds.
- Shrinking (Sanforizing)
Main article: Sanforization
-
- Finally, mechanical shrinking (sometimes referred to as sanforizing), whereby the fabric is forced to shrink width and/or lengthwise, creates a fabric in which any residual tendency to shrink after subsequent laundering is minimal.
- Dyeing
Main article: Dyeing
-
- Finally, cotton is an absorbent fibre which responds readily to colouration processes. Dyeing, for instance, is commonly carried out with an anionic direct dye by completely immersing the fabric (or yarn) in an aqueous dyebath according to a prescribed procedure. For improved fastness to washing, rubbing and light, other dyes such as vats and reactives are commonly used. These require more complex chemistry during processing and are thus more expensive to apply.
- Printing
Main article: Textile printing
-
- Printing, on the other hand, is the application of colour in the form of a paste or ink to the surface of a fabric, in a predetermined pattern. It may be considered as localised dyeing. Printing designs onto already dyed fabric is also possible.
Economic, environmental and political consequences of cotton manufacture
The growth of cotton is divided into two segments i.e. organic and genetically modified. Cotton crop provides livelihood to millions of people but its production is becoming expensive because of high water consumption, use of expensive pesticides, insecticides and fertiliser. Genetically Modified products aim to increase disease resistance and reduce the water required. The organic sector was worth $583 million. Genetically Modified cotton, in 2007, occupied 43% of cotton growing areas.Cotton is farmed intensively and uses large amounts of fertilizer and 25% of the world's insecticides. Native Indian varieties of cotton were rainwater fed, but modern hybrids used for the mills need irrigation, which spreads pests. The 5% of cotton-bearing land in India uses 55% of all pesticides used in India.
The consumption of energy in form of water and electricity is relatively high, especially in processes like washing, de-sizing, bleaching, rinsing, dyeing, printing, coating and finishing. Processing is time consuming. The major portion of water in textile industry is used for wet processing of textile (70 per cent). Approximately 25 per cent of energy in the total textile production like fibre production, spinning, twisting, weaving, knitting, clothing manufacturing etc. is used in dyeing. About 34 per cent of energy is consumed in spinning, 23 per cent in weaving, 38 per cent in chemical wet processing and five per cent in miscellaneous processes. Power dominates consumption pattern in spinning and weaving, while thermal energy is the major factor for chemical wet processing.
Before mechanisation, cotton was harvested manually by farmers in India and by African slaves in America. In 2012 Uzbekistan was a major exporter of cotton and uses manual labour during the harvest. Human rights groups claim that health care professionals and children are forced to pick cotton
Processing of other vegetable fibres
Flax
Main article: Flax
Flax is a bast fibre, which means it comes in bundles under the bark of the Linum usitatissimum plant. The plant flowers and is harvested.- Retting
- Breaking
- Scutching
- Hackling or combing
Jute
Main article: Jute
Jute is a bast fibre,
which comes from the inner bark of the plants of the Corchorus genus.
It is retted like flax, sundried and baled. When spinning a small amount
of oil must be added to the fibre. It can be bleached and dyed. It was
used for sacks and bags but is now used for the backing for carpets.[33]
Jute can be blended with other fibres to make composite fabrics and
work continues in Bangladesh to refine the processes and extend the
range of usage possible. In the 1970s, jute-cotton composite fabrics
were known as jutton fabrics.Hemp
Main article: Hemp
Hemp is a bast fibre from the inner bark of Cannabis sativa. It is difficult to bleach, it is used for making cord and rope.- Retting
- Separating
- Pounding[35]
No comments:
Post a Comment